Ornette Coleman Paper Essay

Ornette Coleman is one of the most influential artists in jazz and considered an American icon and legend. There are not many musicians that emerge who dramatically changed the way we listen to music. Ornette Coleman was of the major innovators of free jazz as well as a great saxophonist and composer. Coleman’s bluesy, playful music revolutionized jazz by ignoring regular harmonies and rhythm. He even created his own theory â€Å"harmolodic† and applied it to rock instrumental in his group Prime Time. The musician’s new style helped to regenerate jazz by allowing for the genre to go into a new direction and be placed for his music to be placed in a group of major 20th century composers. This paper will discuss how Ornette Coleman borrowed from the world of jazz to influence concert hall compositions. Ornette Coleman was a revolutionary saxophone player who expanded contemporary boundaries of music. He gained those remarkable skills by teaching himself how to play saxophone at the age of 14 and by playing with musicians in local rhythm and blues bars while growing up in Fort Worth, Texas in the late 1940s and early ‘50s. Some of his legends include Charlie Parker and two local musicians in Fort Worth Ben Martin and Reed Connors. Coleman loved Charlie Parker and bebop and thought of it as the most advanced collective way of playing a melody and at the same time improvising. Parker taught Coleman many lessons especially about the quality of what he could play and knowing the audience (Ratliff 63). The musician decided to travel to L.A. and played in various establishments. He eventually made his way to New York with his first band having a good sense of melody and ideas of playing without any preconceived chord changes (Ratliff 55). People thought of him as a genius and others denounced him as a charlatan. His music was considered controversial for instance in his quartet th ey had no chordal instruments such as the piano. Listeners said his music was radically rejecting jazz traditions, but a few praised him and said the music was an extension of the historical practice (Martin,Waters). As he was traveling  in R&B jazz bands across the country, he switched back and forth between alto and tenor sax. Resistance was normal for Coleman, and he was use to being fired. In 1950, he wrote an unpublished book that deals with a theory that melody has nothing to do with harmony, chords, or key centers. In 1958, he formed his own band that was established on a mode of playing which no one player had the lead but anyone could come out and play at any time. Beginning in 1959, Coleman and his quartet went to New York and developed the concept of free jazz (George-Warren and Pareles). Free jazz and improvised music did away with any of the strict forms of jazz and classic music such as tonality, chord changes, formal shape and structure, etc. Coleman was put into the category along with Cecil Taylor and Albert Ayler, and they abolished the traditional hierarchy of instrumentation in jazz, classical rock, and pop allowing for any instrument to be equal in improvising. Many performers were encouraged by these individuals to go beyond the regular technique to develop â€Å"extended† techniques (Cox, Warner 252). Coleman’s group debut in New York was unlike anything anyone had ever heard. The bassist or drummer did not function in a conventional rhythm sense, and there was no piano to provide chordal harmonies. When Coleman played with his group, they did not have any idea what the end result would be. The group was even able to get the attention and approval from conductor-composer Leonard Bernstein and composer Virgil Thompson along with other writers and painters (Europe Jazz Network). Each player in his group contributed what he felt in the music at any moment, and each member is not told what to do but play what they hear in the piece themselves. He also stated that in a sense that there is no start or finish to any of his music, but there is a continued expression, continually evolving strands of thoughts that link all of his compositions together (Coxer, Warner 254). Other things that summarized Coleman’s style of music include: fragmented, pointed melodies, melodic connections based on motive structure and large-scale gestures and abstract relations among pitches, little or no use of conventional harmony and voice leading, but solos often have loose shifting tonal centers, variety of melodic rhythm, nasal insistent tone, loose rhythms, use of middle and upper range o n instrument, passionate expression, and deviation from standard intonation (Martin, Waters 271). Coleman started to explore different music possibilities by mixing and  extending elements of honky-tonk, blues, funk and bebop in areas of harmony, rhythm and the melodic structure. His musical styles alienated him from the jazz world that musicians walked off the stage when he showed up for a show. His new innovations later became known as â€Å"harmolodic†, which helped change jazz by pointing it in a direction away from the musical styles of bebop, but also established a place in a group of major 20th century composers such as Charlie Parker, Harry Partch, Charles Ives, and John Cage (Europe Jazz Network). From 1962 to 1965, Coleman withdrew himself from the spotlight and taught himself to play the trumpet and violin. He began to turn his attention to writing compositions for various musical forms such as woodwind quintets, chamber orchestras, string quartets, symphonic works and vocal works. This is the point in his life where his music began to affect the concert hall. The first public performance of one his pieces was the string quartet piece Dedicated to Poets and Writers. Performances of some of his works are scarce and have not been performed or recorded. The release of his two pieces Saints and Soldiers and Space Flight performed by the Philadelphia Orchestra cleared the way for his most famous piece Skies of America symphonic suite. The piece is scored for jazz ensemble and orchestra and debuted in 1972 at Newport in New York Festival and recorded by the London Symphony Orchestra (George-Warren and Pareles). This work stands as Coleman’s harmolodic manifesto. There are some themes that people can recognize. Coleman enters the scene halfway through the piece with his saxophone during â€Å"The Artist in America†. His modulations have a fresh, sometimes abrupt sound as a result of movement of the melody and the chords. There are a number of different c hord changes which are considered correct even though it does not sound correct. Throughout the piece the works of Charles Ives comes to mind with the jumble of melodies and heavy densities. The entire work introduced his â€Å"harmolody† theory in which harmonies, rhythms, and melodies function independently and equally (George-Warren and Pareles). The theory relates to the use of similar melodic material in different clefs and keys, producing a texture of predominately parallel motion (Martin, Waters 271). He wanted to be like famous musicians George Gershwin, Duke Ellington, and Charles Mingus so that he could help break down boundaries between â€Å"modern jazz† and â€Å"serious concert† music. Coleman translates his ability as an improviser into orchestral terms. With his  orchestral works, he was able to create a peculiar timbre and certain licks unlike any other composer writing orchestral works. During the 1970s Coleman’s musical horizons continued to expand. He formed the group Prime Time which incorporated rock and funk rh ythms and melodic fragments similar to R&B music along with its harmonic possibilities. The free jazz/classical composer now created dance music that combined elements of jazz, funk, R&B, and rock with an unusual mix of instruments two guitarists, two drummers, two bassists, Coleman on the sax, violin, and trumpet. This group’s music included multi-layered melodies, polytonal and polyrhythmic textures which were defined as harmolodics. This style shaped more music other than jazz, and Coleman’s music influenced affected many rock musicians during the 70s especially Frank Zappa (Europe Jazz Network). While Coleman influenced rock musicians, he continued to diversify his music and became interested in African cultures. He traveled throughout Africa with Prime Time and created a new album Dancing in Your Head featuring field recordings with the group while they were working with tribal musicians in Morocco. In the 1980s Coleman revised and completed Skies of America after being commissioned by Caravan of Dreams, an arts center that opened in his hometown of F ort Worth, Texas. Coleman continued to write for all instrumentation and group sizes. He continued compositions for the concert hall such as the Meet the Modern series and The Sacred Mind of Johnny Dolphin. His group Prime Time eventually mixed ac (Martin and Waters)oustic and electric instruments. In 1993, his most monumental recordings from Atlantic were released in a box set entitled Beauty Is a Rare Thing. He went on to be inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters and was featured by the New York Lincoln Center which hosted a festival of his works featuring a performance of the Skies of America by the New York Philharmonic and surviving members of his band Prime Time (Europe Jazz Network). One of the greatest jazz artist and composer of all time is Ornette Coleman who influenced music for the concert hall and popular music genres such as jazz and rock and roll. His music for the concert hall was innovative and creative as stayed true to his artistic style and capabilities. One of his most influential pieces for the concert hall was Skies of America which helped blend many different styles of music into an orchestral work. Individuals were influenced by his pioneering work in  creating free jazz and the use of improvisation styles as well as his newly created harmolodic theory. Coleman was not afraid to step out on the limb to perform and create music without boundaries and that did not follow the traditional Western theory practices. He did receive a lot of criticism for his approach but affected and changed many by his abilities. Bibliography Cox, Christoph and Daniel Warner. â€Å"Audio Culture: Readings in Modern Music.† Change of the Century. New York: The Contiuum International Publishing Group, 2004. Europe Jazz Network Musicians . 20 February 2010 . George-Warren, Holly and Jon Pareles. â€Å"Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock And Roll.† Ornette Coleman. Boston: Simon & Schuster , 2001. Martin, Henry and Keith Waters. Jazz: the frst 100 years. Belmont: Thomas Schirmer, 2006. Music, The Jazz Ear: Conversations Over. â€Å"Ratliff, Ben.† I Know Who You Are Ornette Coleman. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2008.

Home Or Theatre? Essay

Everybody likes to watch movies no matter what kind of movie we like. Movies entertain us during our free time such as, in the weekends and holydays, in brief movies are a pastime for all people, but the question is what is better watching it at home or at the theater? Transparently, there are some advantages and disadvantages of both. People put these advantages into consideration like the comfort, privacy, and coast. These factors effects the watcher decision of watching it at home or at the theater. First, comfort is the first factor I would think of when I want to decide whether watching the movie at home or at the theater. In contrast, at the theater the way you want to sit is not an option since the seats are adjusted into a certain position; in addition, there is a limited room for you to sit at the theater seats which is unconfutable. But at home it is a whole different situation. While you are watching a movie at home, you decide whether you want to sit on a chair, lying down on the sofa, or even sit on the floor, so you chose the way you are comfortable with. Another thing when it comes to the fact of being comfortable is that you can wear whatever you want at home. Unlike theaters, at home you can wear your cozy, warm pajamas and watch. while at the theaters or in public you only wear casual clothes to avoid the odd looks people gives you when your something unusual going to the theater. Moreover, at home you can use your phone or talk to your friend in a loud voice without annoying or bothering others, but when doing that in theaters; consequently, you might get kicked out obviously because it’s not allowed. Second, another benefit of watching movies at home is that you can enjoy the privacy. For instance, you can chose your audience such as, your friends you love and the ones you have so much fun with even if the movie is not interesting it won’t feel like this when you are with the your loved ones. Unlike home, you can’t choose your audience at the theater, so you might meet with a friend that annoys you all the time; as a result, you will not have the fun in the theater as much as in home. In addition to the idea of privacy, you can enjoy whatever food you want to eat especially smelly foods  like fast food. In movie theaters you can only eat snacks like popcorn and chips because you may bother others with smell of fast food at the movie theater. Nevertheless, if you choose to watch a movie at home you will have a wide variety of movies to choose what movie you would like to watch and enjoy the most but for example, in theaters sometimes they only have 2 or 3 kinds of movies and you might not like them, so you end up not watching anyone. Controlling the movie setting is another feature that you can’t find at the movie theaters. In fact, at home you can adjust the volume to as much high as you like plus you have the option to pause the movie to stretch or going to the toilet without missing any part of the movie. Third, when watching a movie at the theater it’s going to cost you more in comparison with watching it at home. In fact, when purchasing a movie ticket at the theater plus snacks you will end up paying $25. However, renting a movie online to watch it at home is going to cost you maximum of $5. In addition, snacks are very cheap outside the theater. For example in theaters when you order a drink and a popcorn you will pay about $7, while outside you can buy 1 pound of popcorn kernels and any big size drink for only $8. Finally, there are a lot of advantages of watching movies at home but at the same time they are some advantages in the movie theater that you can’t find at home. The first advantage is that will have chance of listing to the movie in a loud high quality advanced sound system. When the sound is too loud you can feel a shake with an explosion that will sound like you’re actually in the middle of the movie. The second feature is that you will have the opportunity of watching the movie in 3D. In the 3D option you can see the characters in 3 diminutions, so it will be more entreating and realistic. Third, the screens in the theater are very wide and that’s why obviously they call them â€Å"movie theaters†. Because of the wide screen you can have a bigger picture, so you can gain a better perspective of the surroundings. In conclusion, both theaters and homes have advantages and disadvantages; in addition, they are much different than each other and have different surroundings. However, in my opinion and based on my own experience I would  watch a movie at home because it is more comfort, private, and much cheaper. In brief, the watcher have the privilege and the freedom to make his own environment at home.

Case Study: Starbucks

1. Starbucks laid down its Market Segmentation in the following ways: a. Geographic Segmentation: Starbucks primarily laid down its segmentation in order to spread its outlets around various parts around America. It was not only targeting to settle its bases all over the country, but basically planning to be easily accessible, which is why it was also placed enormously in the same zone. b. Demographic Segmentation: Age= 24- 44 yrs. Gender= Predominantly Female Income= Comparatively Wealthier Race= Predominantly Caucasian c. Psychographic Segmentation: Social Class= Upper Middle Class Lifestyle= Better Educated and/or More Professional . Behavioral Segmentation: Benefit Sought= Premium Coffee, Customer Service, Friendly Environment User Status= Potential and Regular Users Loyalty Status= Strong 2. With the overflow of options, Starbucks grew into a lesser quality place. The Starbucks experience thus, changed first before the customers made their way. Although, Starbucks primarily focu sed on Concentrated Marketing, with the maximization of stores, changing economy, and competitions, it took a different turn. Starbucks was rather following Undifferentiated Marketing, as traditional customers were no longer as loyal as they were with the changing environment.Instant beverages were on demand, so Starbucks had its Market segments spread out to a larger segment, whose focus was not a premium product, but an instant, faster service. 3. Starbucks Market Segmentation is based as follows on the present day: a. Geographic Segmentation: Starbucks today, is not only a part of American culture, but also many different nations worldwide. Although its revenue is majorly sourced from within America itself, it has its grounds set internationally, as a huge potential is identified. b. Demographic Segmentation: With the broadened market segmentation, the demographic segment has taken a pace too.It is no longer consumed by only people of higher income. Having set up less-expensive p roduct lines with availability instance, there’s a larger segment of population who make up potential consumers disregarding the age, race, gender, or generation. c. Psychographic Segmentation: Social Class: Larger class expansion including Lower-Middle to Higher due to less-expensive products Lifestyle: Consumers with high preference of instant and/or household consumption. d. Behavioral Segmentation: Benefit Sought: Accessibility, Brand Value, Instant Consumption, Home Products User Status: Wide range . Starbucks is a potential company with a strong legacy behind its coffee-making. It has now, a higher target markets, and has spread not only limited to its franchise outlets, but also various contractors and other franchises. It can generate its revenue through potential consumers of all social classes and economic ranges, as its products are no longer high-end expensive as it primarily was. It is a big name in Coffee business, and is a developing, high-yield company. Thus, it can potentially return to its previous successful revenue it once enjoyed.

Fowler's Stages of Religious Development & Thoughts on Essay

Fowler's Stages of Religious Development & Thoughts on Death--Kubler-Ross' and Lamers' Theories - Essay Example & Jack B., 2005). 3:- Synthetic-Conventional stage - A person has an ideology, consistent clustering of values and beliefs, but he or she has not objectified these for examination and in a sense is unaware of having them. 4:- Individuative-Reflective stage - The person comes out of the influence of the others and tries to hold him or herself authentic and consistent. 5:- Conjunctive Faith stage - Individuals learn to live with their faith and inquires. Dynamic, trusting relationship with God is established. 6:- Universalizing Faith stage - Religious development reaches to completion. Here, person decenters in the valuing process to such an extent that he/she participates in the valuing of the creator and values other beings (Fowler, 1981). As far as I am concerned, I find myself in conjunctive faith stage. My previous concrete boundaries are now becoming porous and permeable. To get to next level I will have to exit out of my current stage of a torn position between possibility and loyalty. Two major steps I can take to get to next level; I should experience a sense of connection with all beings and I should commit to overcome division, oppression and violence. I will have to move beyond self interest and my own religious ideologies in order to bring about love and justice. One of my closest relatives lost her mother. I inquired about her emotional reactions she encountered. She told me, although her mother was suffering from an incurable disease (Parkinsonism) and was on bed for the last ten years, yet she could not had imagined that her mother can be expired. Whenever she tried to realize that her mother was in terminal condition of disease and may die at any time, she could not think more, darkness appeared in front of her eyes and she became extremely upset. One day she received sad news about the death of her mother. She told that at hearing the news of her beloved mother she suffered

The Problem with the Reward Systems of Ramapo Manor Term Paper - 1

The Problem with the Reward Systems of Ramapo Manor - Term Paper Example I believe the problem with their reward systems, affecting performance has been a long-standing problem prior to the current economic crises. Clients have constantly complained about the quality of service in which they receive from Ramapo Manor and report a decline not only in the services offered, to help them sustain during these economic crises, but also the attitudes, performance, timeliness, and quality of service they receive from the employees. This assessment will research the lack of reward systems in place and the cutting of reward systems, which kept employees providing better service and increasing productivity. The nature of the problem is Ramapo Manors current reward system, which is causing employees to leave their current positions for either a different department/division within Ramapo Manor, which has not been affected greatly by the economic crises. They are returning to pursue their education in different fields, which yield a more promising livable status, they are leaving Ramapo Manor and pursing positions in a different organization, there are gaps in positions, which are crucial to running Ramapo Manor effectively. This causes budget cuts, not allowing for reward systems and incentives to keep their current employees or encourage potential employees. Lay-offs, mandatory unpaid furlough days, holiday pay, bonuses and hourly pay cuts are the core to the nature of this problem. This problem cannot be pointed to one single figure. It could be pointed to Kathleen Falk, an executive for Ramapo Manor statewide, as the ultimate decisions fall on her, her decision-making process and communication to her subordinates.  

Carbon-Fibre Composite Materials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Carbon-Fibre Composite Materials - Coursework Example There are different types of automobile. A car is the most common type of automobile comprising largely in the usability in human population. Basically, the primary parts of a car includes: the exterior, lights, interior, chasis, brakes, suspension, and engine. Materials used for the various parts of a car needs to fulfill various criteria and comply with regulations and legislations that ensures the safety and environmental concerns of the machines. Traditionally, materials used for automobile parts production comprises of metallic materials, aluminum, steel, magnesium and other metallic alloys. However, with the rise of modern technology where various study discovered new researches, many of the metallic parts of car are now replaced with materials made up of composite materials (Ghassemieh). Composite materials such as carbon-fibre composites have been widely applied in automobile processing. Carbon fibres are those fiber materials derived from carbon. They are mixed and bound tog ether with other materials such as polymer resins processed under heat, pressure and vacuum to derive the special properties for the composites (Johnson, T. n.d). They are considered as new breed for high strength materials. It contains about 90% carbon fiber which is very durable and strong. They are very suitable when used in applications requiring stiffness, strength, lesser weight and superior fatigue characteristics (Hegde, et al. 2004). Carbon Fiber composite polymers or CFRP are devised in automobile manufacturing as they are lightweight.

Why does God let people suffer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why does God let people suffer - Essay Example The existence of a powerful and benevolent deity responsible for the design and creation of the world as well exercising power over the laws of nature has been debated by both skeptics and believers for millennia. Skeptics have often enquired; If God is all knowing all powerful and all good as most religions tend to believe, then it translates there should be no evil in the world because he would be able and willing to prevent its occurrence. Conversely, believers claim that despite his possession of the above attributes, he has given humanity freedom of choice, which would be moot, if he were to exercise these powers over them. David Hume’s articles attempts an explanation of the compatibility of God’s nature with the imperfection and evil that characterizes the world. Hume takes it for granted that God exists, his focus in the article is to determine if evidence of an infinitely good powerful and perfect God can be derived from the imperfect nature of the world. With inference form Hume’s work this paper will defend this claim that the nature and existence of a benevolent God cannot be deduced by humans from the natural and imperfect condition of the universe. In support of this claim, Hume puts forward several arguments to demonstrate the nature of Gods workmanship of the universe and the many flaws, which in the eyes of human intellect cannot logically be used as inference of benevolent God. The fact that pain exists and animals are doomed to suffer it is the first contrivance of evil in Gods supposed creation, through pain and pleasure animals are forced to become vigilant as they engage in the never ending routine of self-preservation. Hume posits that pain in unnecessary and should not rationally be used as the extreme opposite of pleasure. When an animal is hungry or thirsty for instance, instead of just feeling a reduction of the pleasure it briefly experienced should why should it feel the pain of this deficiency (Clark 82)? If the world was created by a benevolent and all-powerful God, should he not simply eliminate the pain that courses so much suffering and substitute it with absence of pleasures? The unpredictable and sometime s punitive character of our natural environment also makes it difficult for the human faculty to understand or accept that a benevolent creator could have been behind the universe’s design (Hume). The world is fraught with disasters many, which man can neither predict nor prevent and it would be logical to assume that God in his goodness would mitigate to either end them or turn them to the advantage of humanity. However, nature seems to follow no moral code and to some extent, it can be seen as evil, even immoral in its action and inactions. When adults die through accidents of disease, there is always an allowance from religious perspective that they could have died in penance for their sins, in most communities this is universally recognized if not accepted. However, illness also strikes innocent children who are incapable of doing wrong and therefore, why them would they suffer the same as those who knowingly commit sins. If the concept behind the belief in God and religi on is that we should lead righteous and moral lives and those who do not will be punished, indeed it is said that the wages of sin are death. Ironically, hurricanes, tornados, and pestilence do not select their victims and therefore one is forced to question whether there is any merit in the natural laws that coincides with religious moral expectations. What is the point of leading moral lives if the good and evil are treated with the same lethal indifference by nature and why would God make it so? Another example of what makes the universe so irrationally constructed is the frugality with which abilities are distributed with each animal having so little control over its own pleasure. Elephants are bestowed with great strength but lack speed, humans have great intellect (Compared to beasts) yet they would be helpless without the

Opera houset promotion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Opera houset promotion - Assignment Example The paper will also explain the various advantages and disadvantages of designing a computer network by utilizing bus topology (BENNETT & OWEN, 2010). One of the oldest examples of computer networking was compute network system which functioned as part of the United States military’s semi automatic ground environment radar systems. However, in 1969, various institutions such as the Stanford Research institute and the university of California initiated computer connections inform of agency project network that later evolved to form the internet. Various types of computer networks have emerged since then including local area connection, home area connections, wide area connection and personal area connection. Various computer networks have been designed to enable file sharing, enable multiplier users to share a single hardware device as well as to facilitate video conferencing and instant messaging (Wilbur, 2010). The laboratory office complex will be made up of a connection of various end systems and devices such as servers and computers that will be connected with each other to facilitate communication within the organization. Networks carry data within large enterprises, small businesses and homes. Our computer network will cover only a small area. The main office will have several computers and several connected networks with the aim of serving a huge number of people. The network will cover the laboratory office complex with a remote fictional site. The network system will have personal computers, interconnections, switches and routers. Personal computers will serve as the network endpoints with a purpose of receiving and sending data. The interconnections will be made up components that will offer means for data to be moved from one point in the network to another point within the network. Various categories will be placed under computer interconnection

All about environmentalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

All about environmentalism - Assignment Example In this regard, this prejudice is relating environmentalism to racial, sexual, and economic discrimination; this has pushed some environmentalists to protect the rights of all the people to expand the entire ecosystem. Environmental history regards moral code is revolutionary and has caused theatrical development of the human thought. On the other hand, this discrimination was being driven forward by a certain group of individual who was enjoying the fruits from the contradiction of ethics to other groups. However, the science of ecology and diffusion into dispersal traditional eagerness, and biology came up with new commencement for a moral community (Nash, 1989). Scientific concern on the subject of the quality of the environment and interrelated public health and ecological is continuing to be rigorous. The environmental health and fortification have gone ahead to request the public, media, and the political leaders to consider being acceptable (Mikhailovich, Morrison & Arabena, 2007). In this regard, the environmental health and protection has sustained to spread out and become multifarious, they come up with programs based on managerial structure. In the same context, peculiarities are synthetic and have pushed to unsuitable organizational bewilderment, unwanted programmatic gaps and overlaps, and different activities have shared the common objective of guiding the public‘s health and ensuring environmental quality. However, in some cases, various terminologies have molded discordant administrative barriers rather than erecting organizational bridges amid the organizations involved in the fight back for environmental quality. In oth er environmental health and protection organization, programs are performed by agencies rather than the public health service (Webb & King, 2004). Moreover, environmental health and safety supervision is complicated causing challenges entailing both

Distinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and Essay

Distinguish the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus, striatum and amygdale - Essay Example Hippocampus can be related to limbic system of the brain and it has a significant role in not only maintaining long term memory but also in spatial navigation. These roles of hippocampus make it a structure of critical importance for a brain. When we talk about hippocampus’s critical role in the brain, we should also mention its importance in the formation of factual and autobiographical memories in the brain of a human or a mammal. Hippocampus can also work as a gateway for the memory (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993). It is in a sense that all new memories pass through this gateway before getting into the permanent storage area of the brain. If we talk about the structure of hippocampus, we can call it a paired structure which is formed so that mirror image lies on both sides of the brain (Matthews, 2000). Damage to this critical structure of the brain can lead to a very detrimental disease which is anterograde amnesia. In anterograde amnesia, new memories can not be formed by the brain because it loses the ability of formation of any sort of new memories in the brain (Traub & Miles, 1991). In such case, older memories don’t get affected and they are kept safe in the brain. The affect is only on new memories. When a person gets damage to the hippocampus of the brain, he loses the ability to store new memories but all those memories which have a relation with his past, are kept safe in the brain. But it is not the case with skills and abilities of a person. Skills don’t get affected by the damage to hippocampus. Even new memories which are related to the skills and habits of a person can be formed without a proper functioning hippocampus in the brain (Buzsaki, 2006). There are various researches which are being made these days by the researchers in the medical field in order to determine those memories which don’t get affected due to improper functioning of hippocampus. These researches are

Are attitudes, policies and procedures for dealing with female Essay

Are attitudes, policies and procedures for dealing with female offenders difficult to justify when compared with their male counterparts - Essay Example In line with this, this research will answer the question ‘Are the attitudes, policies and procedures for dealing with female offenders difficult to justify when compared with their male counter parts?’ the methodology employed in order to address this question is documentary research. The study, utilising the documentary research methodology, relied on using secondary data collected from various scholarly literatures written about female offenders, UK Case Laws, crimes, and legislation. In the documentary analysis undertaken, the answer to the primary question is NO. It is not difficult to justify. This answer to the question is supported by the following suppositions: 1. Justice is impartial. The gender and sex of the offender is immaterial in the resolution of the case 2. There is a need to redefine the court system in such a way that it will accommodate female offenders and workers in the justice system 3. There is a need for restructuring of the justice system. 4. Reformation in the justice system 5. Training among the workers on treatment of female offenders. The notion of women committing crimes have been considered as a deviancy from the cultural image and gendered expectations that society has of women.1 Being such, traditional theories pertinent to female delinquency and female offending have been focused on how women are biological destined in committing crimes or by explaining it away via citing pathological explanations that confound the criminal act. Recognizing the importance of these views as necessary in understanding the criminal behaviour of women, does not preclude the fact that women ‘do’ commit crimes and that there are factors and explanations behind their criminal acts and not simply because of their gender or sexuality.2 Although Table 1 shows that compared with men, women commit less crimes but it does not show the fact that there is an increase in the number

“To His Coy Mistress” by Andrew Marvell Essay Example for Free

â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† by Andrew Marvell Essay Andrew Marvell’s poem â€Å"to his coy mistress† is about a man trying to convince a mistress to love and enter a sexual relationship with him because life is too short. But the woman is being coy and playing coy games. The man says that her virginity or beauty will last forever so she needs to make use of it while she’s still young and alive otherwise nobody will be interested in or want her. The purpose of this poem is to show that some people will do or say anything just so they get what they want. The emotion this poem creates is a passion for love and what may happen if they don’t make love. This poem uses many craftsmanship techniques such as structure, language and sounds, imagery, and movement. The poem is structured into three stanzas or poetic paragraphs. These stanzas do not have regular lines but every stanza has paired lines that have the same rhythm and rhyme. The poem has language that is very vivid. It is also presented in a dramatic monologue with lots of exaggeration of time. The effect of language on the poem is that it makes the poem beautiful and provoking. There were three main techniques used. The first technique is Simile. Simile is used to give us a greater understanding and image of what is going on with the man and the woman. An example of a simile used is the line â€Å"and now, like â€Å"am’rous birds of prey†. The effect of simile in this poem is that we would now have a better understand of what the situation is like. Another technique used is allusion. Allusion is used to give a deeper meaning to a poem by referring to another work that has a similar theme. It can give the reader a better understanding of the poem. Two examples of allusion are the lines â€Å"love you ten years before the flood† and â€Å"Till the conversion of the Jews†. The effect allusion in this poem is that it is a way for the poet to emphasize the main point the poet is trying to make – which is that the man would love the woman ten years before the beginning of the world until the end of the world. The last technique used is symbolism. Symbolism is used to add a hidden layer of depth into the poem and it also lets the poet create images in the poem. An example of symbolism used is the line â€Å"my vegetable love should grow†. The word vegetable used in that line is to suggest the growing sense of the man’s love. The effect of symbolism in this poem is to show the man’s love for the woman and how it will never stop yet it will keep on growing. In conclusion, â€Å"to his coy mistress† has used many craftsmanship techniques to express the poet’s opinion and to convince the mistress. The poem is special as it includes a dramatic monologue as well as an argument and conclusion. This poem is just like a story.

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay

Social Inclusion Of Adults With Learning Disabilities Social Work Essay I am a student of the HNC in Social Care and I work with an organisation that promotes social inclusion of Adults with Learning Disabilities with social support through group work and one to one befriending. Throughout this paper I shall also refer to our service participant as Dan and our service as the Group. This is not the real name of our client or our group. By doing this I am complying with our organisations policy of confidentiality. This policy was designed to conform to the (ref 1) Data Protection Act of 1998. This Act ensures client confidentiality, that any information written about a client is accurate, truthful and any opinions are objective, substantiated by factual evidence. The Act also allows the individual to make a formal application to see the information held on them by the Group. To complete this piece of work I have assessed Dan`s needs and planned out a piece of work which has addressed an identified need. I read his existing activity plan as a starting point as it had his medical information included, this allowed me to update the information at Dan`s assessment. This first assessment had been done by my manager a few months ago and so I discussed Dan`s case with her before I met with him. Our activity plans are flexible allowing for the changing needs of our clients. The task undertaken also complied with our organisations constitution which concentrates on social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities. The assessment of needs is the first stage in the care planning process. Our organisation takes a person centred planning approach. A person centred care plan is devised to empower people, to support their social inclusion, and to ensure people are not devalued within society. It was necessary for me to listen to what my client needed, to differentiate his needs from his wants and to ensure that I could take action to deliver a positive outcome. A need is something he has to have as opposed to a want which is something he would like to have. Assessing a person for needs is the method of collecting information, recording the information and interpreting the information. The assessment took place at our office just after his one to one art session as he was comfortable and felt safe here. Under (Ref 2) the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001 Dan has a right to feel safe and secure. I did a Risk Assessment of our areas which complied with the (Ref 3)Health and Safety at work Act 1974. It was important for me to continue gaining his trust and use good communication skills. I used the SOLER technique which had us both sitting squarely facing one another showing that I was being involved, I had an open posture implying that I was non defensive, I leaned forward slightly showing a personal interest, I had regular eye contact also conveying an interest in Dan and I had a relaxed manner. I used active listening which involved me trying to understand the real issues affecting Dan and had a meaningful conversation with him. Our meeting was timed to last no longer than twenty minutes as his attention span can be short if he is bored. I ensured that board maker signs and visual aids where available, to direct his attention if he did get bored. I used both open and closed questions which allowed me to get factual answers from the closed questions and his opinions and feelings from open questions. I observed his behaviour at all times and I spoke to him in a way he understood. I wrote the information collected in a concise manner in the form stated in our organisations policy and procedures. As we do not supply a care service, we are not required to register with the Care Commission, but we ensure all our policies and procedures meet their standards. As all clients under these standards are legally allowed an assessment of needs and an individualised care plan, the form I used was called the Activity Plan. The Care commission was set up under the Regulation of Care (Scotland) Act 2001. This Act came about to regulate the care and social work force and set out the principals of good care practice. During our meeting I was conscious that I had to explain the care planning process to Dan, and I used the visual aids when necessary. Dan was born in 1949 into a society that had introduced the IQ test in 1930, whereby those scoring low had been considered mentally defective. By 1946 and the introduction of the NHS, this term was changed to mentally handicapped and so required treatment in institutions. Dan was considered as being in this category. There is no generally acknowledged definition of a learning disability and there is a continued argument of the definition. However, there are certain features that are agreed upon. Those with a learning disability have difficulties with educational success and growth. An uneven pattern of their human development is noticeable i.e. physical, perceptual, educational and language developments..(Ref 4) The (Ref5)NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 implemented in 1993 and (Ref6)the Human Rights Act of 1998., saw the closure of these institutions. This saw the movement of adults with learning disabilities out of institutions into being cared for in the community, either by their own families or in small supported housing being cared for by the voluntary sector. The Same as You strategy of 2000(Ref 7) by the Scottish executive is committed to providing fairness, equality and social inclusion for adults with learning disabilities. As a result of this strategy the local community set up the Group to provide socialisation to help with social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities through one to one befriending and group activities. Dan lived within a nuclear family unit where he was given the basic human requirements of food, shelter, clothing, love and socialisation to live until the age of 6. He was born into a society where it was common for young children with learning disabilities especially those with Downs Syndrome to be institutionalised. There was also a social stigma assigned to those with learning and physical disabilities. Dans family insisted in caring for him at home until school age, but his educational needs where not met. He also suffers from anxiety attacks which his father says he developed at the age if six, when taken into the car for the first time. He reacted by lashing out and pulling hair. The anxiety attacks were given by his father as an excuse for Dan`s disruptive behaviour. His behaviour was tempered by his mother, who had to be consistently by his side cuddling him and holding his hand during his anxious moments. His parents did everything for him, until he was institutionalised. Here, he grew up where privacy, choice, dignity where lacking and he was not allowed to take risks. Life skills, education and road work where not given. More often than not in the past, these patients where drugged if they showed any signs of disruptive behaviour. Being locked up living in Nightingale wards with communal living and toilets may have also contributed to his anxiety attacks. These anxiety attacks still causes Dan to behave in a challenging manner if he feels hemmed in, especially in crowded places with no obvious means of escape. After 1995, when government strategies of closing large institutions were implemented through the(Ref8) Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and its amendments of 2003 Dan was given a home within supported accommodation as his father was elderly. Dan did not like to go out unless his father was with him and tended not to interact with anyone when introduced. His anxiety attacks causes him to be agitated when his routines change. He finds it difficult to make choices unless they are limited and is not keen on trying anything new. He is unable to read or write, he has no life skills e.g unable to make a cup of tea, make a slice of toast, shop or clean his home, he is unable to cross the road without help. The physical developmental stage Dan has reached is that of an adult but the emotional stage is that of childhood between 2-12 years of age, probably nearer the age of seven or eight. He has been living out with the large institution for six years now but has not learned to change his behaviour accordingly. This may be as a result of being told by his support workers that he cannot do certain things as they deem certain activities to be a risk. Staffing problems also contribute to the lack of his change in behaviour as time constraints in helping Dan learn new skills are often given as an excuse for staff not being able to assist Dan attempt new things. So, I believe he is still institutionalised although he lives in smaller community shared accommodation. He was given no choice as to where he would live, who he would be sharing with or who would be supporting him. With the help of his family, before being institutionalised he was able to meet the bottom three stages as seen in Maslow`s hierarchy of needs pyramid. (Ref9) Abraham Maslow was a humanist psychologist who developed this model between the 1940s and 1950`s. He stated that human needs can be arranged in a step ladder pyramid and that the lower level needs must be satisfied before higher levels can be met. This model consisted of eight stages. He stated that we are all motivated by need as evolved over thousands of years. He stated that we must satisfy these needs in turn, starting with the first. The first need is the physiological need which is e.g having food, oxygen, water, etc, the needs to allow our bodies to survive. The second need is that of physiological and physical security, whereby there is protection from possible hazardous circumstances and objects. The third need is belonging and love, which is being part of a group of family and friends in a loving situation with trust acceptance and affection. The fourth need is esteem which is respect of self and others. The fifth need is self actualisation which is realising personal potential. The fifth need is Cognitive needs with knowledge and understanding. The sixth need is Aesthetic needs which is the appreciation of symmetry, beauty, order and form. The seventh need is self- actulisation which is realising ones full potential and the eighth need is transcendence which is helping others to fulfil their potential. Dan, as functionalist sociologist (Ref10) Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) argued, will have gained his primary socialisation and emotional stability within a nuclear family of two parents, a mother and father, plus his siblings. Primary socialisation can be defined as a means by which the norms and values of society are taught to children and they learn to accept these values within the family. The functionalist sociologists believe that society can be compared to a living body, with different organs (institutions) having different functions yet all working together to keep the body (society) alive.They consider the family to be a small version of society which operates as a social, economic and emotional unit. The conflict theorist believe that society is separated into two classes, with the bourgeoisie and the proletariat who are at odds with one another. The family, conflict theorists state is just another social institutions which contribute to the acceptance of social inequality. Every member takes difference roles at certain times in the family life cycle and conflict happens within the family when a person challenges those roles, e.g teenagers challenging parental authority. Dan lived in an institution from the age of six so his secondary socialisation was to learn to live within the confines of the institution. This socialisation would have been radically different from a family situation. (ref11) Research showed that concerns grew about the care given by institutions quality of care provided by these institutions in terms of gross physical deprivation (overcrowding, poor food, clothing and environment), abuse (ill-treatment, theft of possessions and over-use of medication and restraint) and neglect and inactivity (lack of care, lack of contact and stimulation and extensive periods of disengagement and isolation staff and client interaction and engagement in meaningful activities would have been poor . As a result, no chances where available to allow Dan to move to the next level of Maslows Pyramid of Needs of self esteem. (Ref 12) Dan was the youngest member of the family and so according to Alfred Adler this would have affected the type of personality that he would develop later on in life. The youngest are known to get their own way and to have a stronger parent bond, which Dan did Have as he was overprotected and indulged before hospitalisation. But, this cocooning can also be claustrophobic. But, by being institutionalised, according to Erikson, his environment would also have affected Dan`s development and have had an impact on his behaviour . The behaviour Dan often displays can be explained by the behaviourist theory, which was named (Ref 13)Learned Helplessness. While experimenting on dogs using Pavlov`s theory of Classical Conditioning, which shows links between the stimulus and the response. Seligman discovered that learned behaviour is a results of the belief that the person`s actions are futile. People who have lived in Institutions have learned not to expect to have any control over their lives. Behaviourist theorists believe that if behaviour is learned, then it can be unlearned. Lev Vygotsky and Russian cognitive psychologist believed that development was guided by culture and interpersonal communication with significant adults. Being institutionalised will have reduced Dan`s chances of having regular important communication with a significant adult. Vygotsky stated that to learn a range of tasks that are too difficult on their own, a child must be shown or guided by someone who is more knowledgeable. This became known as the Zone of proximal development. This assumes that the child has the ability to memorise and the capacity to recall the learned experience. This is not always possible in some with a learning disability. In the care setting where Dan spent his life, the chances of a child being challenged to learn new skills would have been diminished or non- existent. Vygotsky was the first to observe that social isolation caused a delay in both social and cognitive development. The anxiety attacks Dan suffers from can also be explained via Operant Conditioning suggested by B.F.Skinner (1953). Operant Conditioning is where behaviour is followed by a consequence. His behaviour of lashing out when he is anxious is a result of positive reinforcement where initially this bad behaviour was rewarded by receiving physical and emotional contact from his mother before institutionalisation and later attention from nursing staff in the institution. Positive reinforcement is where the consequence is a positive outcome. Now, Dan`s support staff try to ensure that Dan does not come into a situation that may make him anxious. After the death of his elderly mother Dan relied totally on his elderly father for any continued socialisation, as his siblings had long left home to set up their own family life. (stats to be put in) His father feared Dan would become isolated, especially as his father was becoming less able to take Dan out. Dan was introduced to join the Group by his father in an attempt to introduce him to new friends, increase his confidence and improve his self esteem. His time at the group has seen his confidence increase. After moving out into the community, Dan was rather introverted and shy and would only go out in the company of his father. This concerned his ninety year old father greatly, and so his father came to our organisation in the hope that we could increase Dan`s social circle. Dan was assessed by being asked a number of questions using PIES to establish what his Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social needs were. This information was put into his activity plan which we use instead of a Care Plan. As under the NHS and Community Care (Scotland) Act 1990 everyone is entitled to a care plan. Dan will have such a plan set up by the social work department. To increase his social circle as requested by his father, we included him in a number of activities which has expanded his scope of social activity and made him less isolated. Dan`s physical needs are met by social services, but his intellectual needs of mental stimulation, his emotional needs of needing to increase his self esteem and his social needs of social interaction require attention. Dan has already improved his social skills through art by now communicating well with our staff and is keen to take his work home to show to his family and carers. His father has commented on how the communication skills of Dan have improved and his confidence has increased. Remembering Maslow`s Hierarchy of Needs, I had assessed that Dan would benefit from reaching the fourth stage Esteem Needs. I felt an activity that would help to improve his confidence, his communication skills and make him less anxious in a large group situation would be beneficial. I spoke to him and observed him answer my questions .One of my questions gave him a choice of activities to try, I found that the activity he was most interested in was art. I mentor both at the art group and on an individual basis, which helps adults with learning disabilities gain new skills, gain confidence, improve self esteem, socialisation and self actualisation through creativity. Carl Gustav Jung a Swiss psychiatrist B.1875 to D. 1961 encouraged patients to use art to convey their unconscious emotions. He stated that (Ref14) drawing, painting, and modeling can be used to bring unconscious material to light. Once a series has become dramatic, it can easily pass over into the auditive or linguistic sphere and give rise to dialogues and the like. (1941) My aim was to try to put coping mechanisms in place to allow him to be able to take part in the graded unit activity which was to allow him to create a work of art and to exhibit at our Malawi Awareness Evening, which we expected to be busy. This activity is to take place some weeks away so it was important for me to arrange new art activities over a period of time, to allow him to gain confidence in being part of a large group. My goal through these activities was to allow Dan the chance to increase his confidence and communication skills and to develop coping mechanisms to allow him to deal with his fear of large groups. I have used the (Ref 7) task-centred model in planning this exercise; this is a short-term problem solving approach over a short period. This had five phases- Problem Identification (assessment), Agreement, Planning goals, Achieving Tasks and Evaluation. Here, the client takes concrete action to solve the problem. The Initial interview or phase allowed Dan to express his need to have more confidence when in a room with more people in order to be able to enjoy more activities. He wanted to complete a painting and to be present at its exhibition. To achieve these goals, we agreed on the steps and tasks t hat allowed Dan to attain his goal. We emphasised the tasks that were required to be completed to allow Dan to exhibit his work of art and agree on timescales for the tasks. Other interviews will took place to ensure that we were on track and that Dan felt safe and confident doing the agreed tasks. With Dan`s agreement we decided to have an hourly one to one befriending art session of three one hour sessions per week over four weeks and to increase these sessions to become a group session. To do this I needed to slowly introduce more and more people to the group. These were other service users, staff and volunteers. With agreement of everyone involved I brought people in one at a time each session. I did this by giving each individual a date and time to join us at the Group premises. I hoped that by the end of the four weeks he would be able to sit in a room happily with at least twelve noisy people. He had to have a positive experience and to have a positive association with the group. Dan enjoyed a regular cup of tea and a chocolate biscuit, so I introduced this positive experience to him in the group setting while he was painting. I ensured he sat facing the door and informed him that he was able to leave the room at any time. I sat him at the end of the table to ensure that he did not feel hemmed in.

Dunbar’s Perspective on the Indians in the Film Dances with Wolves :: Movie Film Essays

Dunbar’s Perspective on the Indians in the Film Dances with Wolves This film starts out with a wounded Civil War Veteran at war, named John Dunbar, who shows characteristics of loyalty, honor, courage, fearlessness, and strong will. After healing from his wounds, a general, who had clearly lost his mind, sent him further in the West to make post. On his way there, he and the carriage man Timmons, saw unsightly and brutally body remains, that only Native Americans left behind after their slaughter. After reaching his station, everything started out normally with him making preparations for when the other Civil War Veterans would arrive; but, things changed after his first encounter with a Native American who paid Dunbar's fort a visit. In the beginning of this film, the "White Man" viewed these Native Americans as vicious humans that had no remorse for individuals out of their race. They did not make it any better on their part either, because they continued with their in-human killings of the "white man", and tortures. One of their famous strategies, was known as "the scalping". When Dunbar and Timmons were traveling to the fort, they viewed a decayed body with an arrow sticking out of it. Then on his way back, Timmons was shot repeatedly with arrows, scalped, and left to die. When Dunbar first came into contact with an Indian, his first reaction was fear, but somehow he built up the courage, and walked bravely and naked to confront the Indian. He then realized that as the Indian ran cowardly away from him, the Indian was just as afraid of him as he was afraid of the Indian. There are other scenes in the film that shows how these Indians might be portrayed as brutal savages. For example, when Dunbar was venturing about, he came into contact with a woman, who by her way of dressing was mistaken for an Indian woman, that was on the verge of suicide. After her ranting and raging, she fainted, and he then carried her back to her village. Instead of the Indians showing gratitude, some showed fear, while one man dragged the injured woman away from Dunbar and closer to his people. Another time, which is connected to this same woman, was when her family was brutally and heartlessly killed by Indians, and she alone remained to remember the episode in her past.

Literary Themes In All Quiet O :: essays research papers

Some authors use themes to show the reader some perspective. Erich Maria Remarque’s book “All Quiet on the Western Front'; uses many themes but there are four main ones. Those four themes are the Lost Generation, futility of war, sound imagery, and the institutionalization or depersonalization of war. Some of these themes can be integrated together to make an alarming yet wonderful effect to draw the reader into the story of “All Quiet on the Western Front';.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the most prominent themes book is also the most saddening. That theme is the institutionalization or depersonalization of war. Remarque begins the story with Germany’s soldiers fighting an institutionalized war. Soldiers were trained to destroy and kill the enemy. By institutionalizing the war, it was made easier to kill someone just like you for no reason. But by depersonalizing the soldiers with their enemy, it left devastating effects on the mind and heart. Soldiers emotions were deadened and they became irrational. Throughout the story, Paul Baumer, the narrator does not talk about killing someone but as the story progresses, this changes. An example of Paul acting irrational because of the effect war had on him was when he was in the trenches and all of a sudden, a French soldier comes into the trench and Paul immediately stabs him without thinking about, for Paul is scared and emotionally scarred. After stabbing him, Paul leaves him alone to let him bleed to death. In that part of the story, Paul regains a little bit of his emotions because after he stabbed the man, he starts to feel very guilty about it. He tries to talk to the dead man and help the man’s wounds. When Paul looks at the mans wallet, he finds some information about the soldier and realizes that the soldier was very much like himself, the only difference was that they were fighting on different sides. Paul then starts to feel he killed himself and wishes no more of a part in the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The institutionalization of the war led to people thinking how futile this war really is. Because the war was so depersonalized for the soldiers of Germany, they start to feel this isn’t their war to fight. Their loyalties are lost. What could have been solved between world leaders in a peace meeting had been made into an all out war, making millions of people lose their lives.

Gift and Novelty Economics Forecast :: essays research papers

Economic Forecasts The retail consumer market must take into consideration many indicator forecasts that help estimate what the economic market will be like for the future. The following information contains two or more forecasts based on our teams six pre-selected indicators. This team will provide reconciliation between both forecasts and will apply economic theory in deciding which one may be the most relevant to the gift and novelty industry. GDP Information retrieved from the Economist Intelligence Unit Data Services (2005), the GDP (in billions) is expected to be 13034.5 in 2006 and 13766.2 in 2007. However, according to the data retrieved from the Blue Chip economic indicator, the forecasted GDP (in billions) is 12907 for 2006 and 13617 in 2007 (The White House, 2005). Foreign investment is a factor that is increasing the overall GDP. Over a period of time this will eventually bring higher gross domestic investments, resulting in more productive physical capital in the U.S economy. The additional capital will make labor more productive, which provides an increase in GDP and wages. Based on this information, it is thought that the EIU forecast is more correct than the Blue Chip indicator. Unemployment Unemployment is another area that can affect this industry. Data retrieved from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) projects that the unemployment rate in 2006 will be at 5% (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005). Data derived from the Blue Chip consensus indicator, however, projects the unemployment rate for 2006 will be at 5.2% (The White House, 2005). By taking into consideration many outside indicators, such as the GDP—that show a slow but constant growth, will allow private investment to remain constant. This will encourage private industry to maintain their employment at a constant level. In understanding what this nation faces in the near future, this team recognizes that many of the Baby Boomers will retire, which reinforces the premise that unemployment will eventually stay at or fall below 5 %. Housing Starts Housing starts seems to be one of the most visible in regards to economic growth. Based on the analytical tables provided by National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) and Steele Analytics, 2005 and 2006, housing starts will decline slightly. NAHB shows that 2005 housing starts (in thousands) at 1,969 decreasing in 2006 to 1,855 (NAHB, 2005). Steele Analytics also shows housing starts (in thousands) for 2005 start at 1,883 with a slight decrease in 2006 to 1,825 (Steele Analytics, 2005). It

Hsm Appendix

Instead of confronting the husband trying to talk rationally with him and defuse the situation while alarming the authorities is the best route for dealing with a person like that. In the case of the wife the programs offered through the agency promote self-worth and help prevent her from feeling bad about herself. Learning new Job skills and healthy ways of thinking about oneself should prepare her for an Independent lifestyle to provide for her and her children. Scenario 2: Closure of a Planned Parenthood Clinic In Scenario two the prevention level being used is the Secondary level of prevention.Secondary prevention can be defined as the early detection and treatment of dysfunction. In this scenario I see the human services program attempting to prevent teenage pregnancy and the rate in their community from steady climbing up by offering services to help teens prevent unplanned pregnancies. I would handle this situation a little differently than how it is handled in this scenario. I would I would still organize a group of other health and human service providers to help In assisting the county to solve the issues, but In Dalton to that I would bring wariness to the community and local politician through getting the media involved.I would also look into doing different fundraising drives to help build money as well as charity drives to keep the clinic open. I would make sure I explain to the public and politicians how unique our program is from others and why it's essential that we stay open. Scenario 3: Caring for the Homeless In scenario three the prevention level being used is the tertiary prevention. This type of prevention is generally defined in terms of efforts to rehabilitate and return to the community those afflicted with severe mental disorders.In this scenario I wouldn't change anything I think that bringing health services In the clinics is the best solution to ensure that the homeless are getting the attention and care they need since they genera lly wouldn't go on their own. Having the health resources there onsite makes it physicians and staff to work towards rehabilitating them and ensuring they are healthy. Bringing the services into the clinics will ensure that their needs are being met properly and it will also help to clean up the community of those who are mentally ill by making sure they are well taken care of.

Instructional Materials Essay

kindly Studies put forward be define as a discipline in which we toilette learn ab place our world and humankinds funda handstal interaction with his immediate and upstage environment. Since tender Studies deals with how men interact with its accessible and sensible environments, how brush off this interaction of physical and mixer environment be learnt by the pupils? This do- nonhing be learnt in the naturalizeroom where education and development can non be conducted by the instructor by merely musical note his pupils with facts and in ecesis. in that respect is choose to expose the pupils to alter activities. The environment of the child is rich in varied visions.The t individu bothyer should utilize these varied resources to push or clear instruction among his pupils. Pupils learn positively not by hearing al ane but by inflicting and doing. How can the teacher stimulate the pupils vex? This can be thrust by the delectation of instructional materi als. instructional materials atomic number 18 meant to stimulate pupils interest in the developho mappingroom for meaningful nurture to tear place. They excessively afford the pupils the opportunity to return utilise of to a greater extent of their senses in the exploit of scholarship experiences which atomic number 18 not getable in the classroom or condition environment, be brought to the classroom for pupils attention by means of the hire of instructional materials. For example, the hold of the subprogram of the world in teach close to subject argonas in affable studies enables the teacher to put to track d consume to class these education experiences. This is why instructional materials is tell to be assist to athletic theatre rather than program line.1.2. PURPOSE OF THE instructionThe break down was planned mainly toa. stand intentful pedagogy which de founder bring in in around ways to the receipts of the principle of fond studies i n Nigeria aboriginal prepares by dint of the potent design of instructional materials. b. Generate info that lead suspensor school administrators in their policy formation as regards the procedure of instructional materials in schools. c. Make obtainable valuable information that will be encourageful to educational technologist in their design of distract instructional materials for schools.1.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE leaseNigeria is a potentially a great Nation. notwithstanding for the Nation to fully attain the desirable position of greatness, her citizens must be apply h singlest, patriotic and hardworking. This is why the federal organization of Nigeria is at present embarking on the see to it of re-branding the country with the theme, great Nation, good mess. Educators nurse rightly identified accessible studies as one playing field that can help to forge these lofty dreams of greatness a reality. Therefore, it cannot be overemphasized on the need to trenc hantly teach this subject through the physical exertion of instructional materials. Here has the richness of this weigh.It will be expected that emergence of this strike whitethorn be useful in the succeeding(a) ways a. Enabling hearty studies teacher to realize much than forever onward the importance of the use of instructional materials plot of ground teach especially sociable studies. b. Providing more useful information for genial studies teacher as regards the various instructional materials they can employ in principle. c. Providing more useful information for prospective designs of instructional materials on the need to nominate fitted instructional materials for use in schools.1.4. tale OF THE PROBLEMIt is the consensus among scholars in Nigerian that kindly studies is one subject that is crucial to the recognition of the Nigeria dream of greatness. This is the reasons why kind studies in one of the cone subjects at the original winding school and junio r school levels. However, it seems the precept and learn of the subject is hampered by the line of work of privation of in suitable use of instructional materials. Therefore, the worry of this seek is to mind at the problems surrounding the use of instructional materials in the education of cordial studies in radical schools. Specifically, this take has attempted to provide answers to the following research questions.1.5. RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. Do patriarchal school teachers use instructional materials while pedagogics favorable studies? 2. be special school kindly studies teachers advised of the benefits of using instructional materials in direction? 3. Does the use of instructional materials in pedagogics wipe protrude both mend on pupils implementation in primary school amicable studies? 4. Could the non use of instructional materials in the teach of companionable studies in primary schools be as a consequence of their existence understaffed? 5. What contribution does the use of instructional materials keep on the dogma and study of social studies?1.6. SCOPE OF THE STUDYThe scope of this research has been limited to some selected primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki topical anaesthetic authorities activity Area of Lagos State. The project is to examine the contact of instructional materials in teaching of social studies in selected primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki topical anesthetic presidential term Areas. And also to know how larn can be stimulated in primary schools pupils. The limitation is repayable to monetary and period constraint.1.7. DEFINITION OF TERMS1. social STUDIES brotherly Studies can be specify as a study that equips learners with tools much(prenominal)(prenominal) as attitude, values and skills necessary in solving face-to-face and community tinctd problems. neighborly Studies is also a study of a man and his environment. It is also the study of m each interactions with his physical and social env ironment. It is a study of how man lives in the society, what he does, how his life is affected by things, people as head as social practices around him. 2. instructional MATERIALS These atomic number 18 the resources employ to relieve teaching and knowledge.3. TEACHING This can be specify as the apprised and deliberate efforts by a mature or experienced person to advert association, information, skill, attitude and beliefs to an immature or slight experienced person. Is also a self-opinionated way of concussioning knowledge on to the people. 4. surround These ar what we interact within our surroundings uniforms highlands, lakes, rivers and vegetations e.t.c. 5. LEARNING Advanced knowledge gained by c arful study. Is also a durable changes in deportment repayable to old experiences. 6. FACILITATING Make learning easy with expose any encumbrance7. ABSTRACT These argon what we cannot see in our surroundings 8. IMPACT The serious or the value one devices from doi ng something 9. touch on The art of reasoning quickly and idea and feeling CHAPTER TWO2.1. LITERATURE polishThe art of teaching and learning involves the interaction of both the human and materials resources in a classroom setting. Since human beings ar social animals and they cannot live in isolation, they deal to socialise and interact among themselves and with environment. This brings us to the question What is Social Studies? Social Studies can be defined as study that equips learners with tools much(prenominal) as attitudes, values, skills necessary in solving personal and community think problems. Information and knowledge ga in that locationd from reading books, journals, research plant whitethorn reveal the area which exhaust not been becomingly researched into to us. Furthermore, reviews of literature sometimes provoke the urge to carry out a research based on what we read in the books or journal. command and learning materials can be defined as any device mag ical spell of equipment, graphic re entry, sound reproduction or illustration that helps the pupils to learn. Generally, instructional materials are utilise to honour and to enrich the keep in liney of the subject matter.The roles of instructional materials have been of great importance to teaching in primary schools. fit to Awosolu et al (1997), quoting Alani et al (1995) he state that since more or less pupils in primary schools are still in truth materialisation, their intellectual abilities may not allow abstract presentation in facts without having to complement the content with cover materials. It is in this regard that instructional materials are perceived as aids to learning rather than aid to teaching. Lawton and Dufour and Dahunsi (1979) bump social studies instructional materials in the following 1. PICTORIAL MATERIALS These include globes, maps, posters, flip and well charts diagrams. 2. PRINTED MATERIALS These include textbooks, reference books, supplementary b ooks, work books, journals, newspapers and magazines. 3. BOARDS LIKE Chalkboard, Flannel or matt-up boards4. MECHANICAL AIDS These are audio-visual equipment and materials. Having know the various instructional materials, they serve as informationcarriers which are designed specifically to fulfill purposes in a teaching learning web site. In fact, learning resources in social studies are multi various and limitless. Social studies by its nature and content deals with the realities of men living in his complex environment. Hence, anything has to do with mans behavior and interaction as a social behavior qualifies as an instructional materials in social studies.It is therefore feasible to employ as more instructional materials as possible when teaching any topic in social studies because they help to stimulate pupils interest and reduce the numbers of verbal responses. A lap has been written on the impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social studies. Agun (1988) asserts that many curriculum innovations like inquiry or problem solving method of instruction or learning how to learn may not be meaningfully and usefully implemented without the use of a unsubtle variety of learning resource. Generally, instructional materials are employ to reinforce and enrich the mastery of the subject matter.As a matter of fact, Durojaiye (1978) declared that there is a large number of chastisement due to the fact that teacher are not doing their work as conscientiously as they should. The critics feel that schools no long-lasting offer true learning and creative thinking to their pupils. Supporting the vies of these critics. Popham (1971) feels that social studies teachers and curriculum designers in the schools do not wangle any significant impact on pupils due to the lack of the use of instructional materials. tally to Adusual (1982), instructional materials size could affect teachers marrowiveness because, the smaller the stamp the greater the degree of contact, and more efficacious the teaching and learning interaction. Assuming that there were adequate number of teaching aids it can be give to each of the pupils, therefore, the teaching of social studies without qualification use of instructional materials is not help his pupils to learn.2.2. THE immensity OF USING INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALSIt is pertinent for teachers to turn over aware of the benefits that accrue from the utilization of instructional materials in order to intensity their efforts at achieving effective top in their teaching activities. Weaver and Bollinger (1949) identified the following returns 1. They lure and hold intention A verbal explanation run low more effective in attracting and creating interest when supplemented by a visual aid.2. instructional materials help belongings of information and visual images. The major(ip) wear of the things people heard are disregarded in a relatively picayune time and it becomes difficult to recal l accurately what is heard. On the other hand, the things they see make a more lasting photo and they experience considerably less difficulty in calling the object or dish out with increased accuracy. 3. They help ratting correct images People often symbolize information in term of their own background of experiences. Consequently, it is possible and quite verisimilar for a group of learners to form altogether different ideas or so the uniform things as a result of verbal description.The use of instructional materials helps to eliminate this inconsistency. 4. They assist in understanding proper relationships of components parts. 5. More of the benefits, teachers can reap when instructional materials are utilize in the teaching process fit in to Ogunmilade (1984) the ability it provides in the share of expertise, helping knowledge to reach a lot of people. Simultaneously preservation of records and documents. Bringing before us what otherwise could have looked conceptional or far-fetched enriching learning and allowing students to learn at their own rate. Furthermore, using of instructional materials makes teaching more effective and facilitates also to master the topic taught to the learner. Finally, using of instructional materials make learning easier and pleasurable at the same time concretize the learning process in the learners.2.3. PROBLEMS FACING THE USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN SCHOOLS In spite of the legion(predicate) benefits accruing from the use of instructional materials in teaching and learning situation its application in our schools has been discouraging because of the following process 1. escape of Direction This is characterized by lip service, stipendiary to use to educational engineering in high quarter. Apart from the meager budgetary provisions often made by governments for instructional materials, when it comes to implementation, the funds are merely released. 2. Resistance to change on the part of the teachers.3. o verleap of readiness of teaching module to use audio-visual techniques and charge their methods and tools within the classroom. 4. Lack of insfrastructures and facilities that might make the use of instructional aid more meaningful such as lecture halls, audio-visual, libraries, studios, independent study spaces, audio-visual resource centre e.t.c. 5. Inadequate personnel or specialist to train users of instructional materials in schools. 6. Fear of failure in their use7. Fear that new technology would replace teachers.8. Inadequate instructional materials Since the descent of social studies programme, teachers have consistently complained about the problems of note and quantity of instructional materials. The problem is traceable to lack of good textbooks, price of textbooks, commercialization of materials, non-functional libraries and resources centres, gap between matter and dissemination of instructional materials, lack of quality control of textual materials and so on. In some cases, teachers rely on overaged and stereotyped textbooks which hardly reflect the postulate of pupils.9. Lack of Fund This is one of the bounteous problems confronting teachers in general, and social studies teacher in particular. The problem here is lack of penury and incessant agitation by teachers for amend condition of service. Thus, primary school teachers including social studies teachers have lost interest in teaching even though they are still called teachers. Those who have the slightest opportunity give way the classroom for greener pastures. The incessant replacement that follows such frequent resignations leads to lack of continuity in social studies classrooms. The pupils are usually the worse hit by this. Furthermore, funds are not available for the provision of instructional materials, thereby leaving teachers to either ad-lib or teach without any in majority of the cases. CHAPTER THREE3.0.RESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter is interested with the techniq ues utilize by the police detective in the collection of information for investigation. It covers explanation on the choice and description of legal document use for the collection of data. Also included are the sampling techniques, method of administration of the questionnaire and the data analysis method.3.1.RESEARCH INSTRUMENTThe research instrument used for this study is the questionnaire. The choice of the questionnaire is because of its advantage of allowing respondents to answer questions without any outside fix such as facial coming into court that may influence respondents as in the interview method. The questionnaire used is in deuce parts. The first part deals with the personal data of the respondents while the second part contains ten statements which attempt to find out the impact of the use of instructional materials have in teaching social studies.3.2.SAMPLE AND SAMPLING techniqueThe sample of this study consists of 60 primary school teachers. The sample was cho sen from basketball team primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government Area of Lagos State. The sampling technique used in selecting the sample for the study was the taxonomic random sampling. The sampling technique removes yield in the selection of the elements, and it is convenient and more accurate than the random sampling.4.3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS1. nigh social studies teachers aware of the need for instructional materials in teaching of social studies. 2. to the highest degree primary schools have inadequate instructional materials in the teaching of social studies 3. legal age of the social studies teacher do not make use of instructional materials during their lesson 4. intimately of the social studies teachers agree that the blackboard is one of the instructional materials which aid effective teaching of social studies. 5. or so of the teachers take their pupils on field trips majority of social studies teachers use community resources like red objects and resources persons because they promote learning in social studies. Most social studies teachers do not have overhead projectors, audio-visual equipment which can promote learning in social studies. 6. Al more or less all the teachers of social studies said that inadequate equipment is one of the problems which they face. 7. Most social studies teachers agree that effective use of instructional materials contribute positively to learning process.4.4. DISCUSSIONFrom the research study most primary school teachers are aware of instructional materials for the teaching of social studies. This observation is consistent with the assertion of Nduanya (1986) that teachings are more effective when teachers locate and use appropriate resources. Furthermore, it is conserved that most primary schools lack instructional materials be it concrete or abstract to teach social studies. This shows that most primary schools in Ibeju-Lekki Local Government either lack or have inadequate instructional materials fo r the teaching of social studies. From the research study, it can be observed that majority of social studies teachers do not make use of instructional materials during social studies lessons.This is as a result of inadequate instructional materials which is due to lack of fund to provide instructional materials. This decisions agrees with Agun (1988) who asserts that many curriculum innovations like inquiring or problem solving method of instructional or learning how to learn may not be meaningful and effectively implemented without the use of a wide variety of learning research. In fact, it can be deduced from the research study that most social studies teachers make use of blackboard as an instructional material which is most important aids to effective teaching. This implies that the chalkboard is one of the instructional materials that is the most available instructional materials in e actually school. There is no school which will have inadequate instructional materials and will not have a chalkboard.Indeed, the chalkboard as one of the instructional materials is commonly used by the teachers. This findings on the use of chalkboard agrees with Ajimoko (1973) Dahunsi (1979), Akanbi (1982) and Osofisan (1982) they said apart from the chalkboard, the textbook was the side by side(p) most frequently used of the instructional materials. Consequently, from the findings it can be observed that majority of social studies teacher take their pupils out on field trips. Pupils are pickings out on excursion to relate their experience with the theory they have been taught in the classroom.When pupils are taking out on field trips they learn more about their surroundings as the nature of social studies and learning becomes more permanent in them. From the findings it shows that majority of social studies teachers makes use of resources centres. This indicates that pupils need to be taken out of the classroom to appreciate the fact that learning does not end within th e premises of the classroom. When pupils go out, they need to be trained to observe event and learn without the teacher being around them. This finding agrees with Preston and Herman (1981). These resource centres become social studies laboratory in which pupils becomes young social scientists. From the research study, it can be deducted that most social studies teachers do not make use of audio-visual materials because they dont have them. This finding agrees with Akibote (1983) on the very limited uses of electronic materials in school within Ondo Local Government Area.This is as a result of the teachers inabilities to manipulate any of the equipment since they do not have teacher training. Another related problem may be due to lack of electrical energy because majority of the schools do not have electricity. Another finding of the study deduced that in teaching of social studies, inadequate equipment is one of the problems faced by social studies teachers. This implies that some social studies lessons are done in abstract. So, effective learning cannot be facilitated. This negative effect may be as a result of lack of funds to provide adequate instructional materials in schools and teachers are not ready to improve because of their salaries are very inadequate.The results also shown that most of the social studies teachers agrees that most of the social studies teachers agrees that the effective use of instructional materials combine positively to learning process. The effect is that when instructional materials are effectively used, they facilitate learning and stimulate pupils interest. They also make theirlessons more interest and relief the pupils from the burden of tiredness while learning. CHAPTER FIVESUMMARY, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of instructional materials in the teaching of social studies in primary schools. In this chapter, the summary of the major findings wil l be highlighted. The discussion will also include suggestions for policy making and areas where future research on the topic may be directed.5.1. SUMMARY atomic number 53 of the major findings of this research is that most social studies teachers agreed on the importance of teaching the subject with instructional materials. Another vector sum of this project is that there are inadequate instructional materials for teaching social studies in primary schools. So many instances, teaching is done without instructional materials. It was also revealed from the research that the chalkboard that is always available in schools is one of the instructional materials which aids the effective teaching of social studies. This study also reveals that although most primary schools do not have audio-visual aids, social studies teachers compensate for this by making use of real objects, resource persons and by taking their pupils on field trips. Finally, from this research, it was revealed that the use of instructional materials in teaching social studies contribute positively to the learning of the subject5.2. SUGGESTIONSAlthough this study has not claimed to be complete, some suggestions based on its findings could be made on how to improve the teaching of social studies in primary schools through the effective use of instructional materials. In the first place, because of the importance of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of social studies in primary schools, the various ministries of education and school boards in the country should moderate that adequate instructional materials are supplied to primary schools.Secondly, the government should ensure that there is regular tack of electricity and schools in the villages that lack electricity should be provided with generators. This will enable the schools to make use of audio-visual aids such as television, projector and VCD. Thirdly, regular workshops and seminars should be organized by the various sch ool boards for primary school teachers on how to make simple instructional materials and on the use of the various instructional materials. Finally, inspectors of education should constantly visit schools to ensure that the instructional materials available are judiciously used by teachers for teaching.5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES deal with most researches, this study cannot claim to have exhausted all that is to be said on the use of instructional materials in teaching social studies in primary schools. Instead, this survey should be regarded as a guide for further research.Therefore, as regards the future, this researcher suggests some specific projects. First of all, a further investigation should be carried out to find out how use of instructional materials or lack of this affects pupils academic performance in social studies. In addition, social studies teacher should consider the instructional materials when teaching social studies at the same time there is need fo r education technology practitioners to write texts more relevant to Nigeria situation and needs such texts should contain bewilder and samples of instructional materials and the procedure for making them by individual teachers. Furthermore, there should be a study on the suitability or otherwise of the available instructional materials that are being used in teaching social studies in primary schools.surgical incision OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCESADENIRAN OGUNSANYA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, EPE CAMPUS, EPE.RESEARCH exteriorise 2013QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE IMPACT OF INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS ON THE TEACHING OF SOCIAL STUDIES IN THE uncreated SCHOOLS IN IBEJU-LEKKI LOCAL GOVERNMENT electron orbit OF LAGOS STATEREFERENCESAlani, R.A Oduyemi, O.G and Agagu A.A. (1995) Teaching Aids recitation in Subject Methodology Ijebu-Ode, Olaf Association, paginate 29-34. Awosolu, E.O. and Fasasi A.K.(1996) Teachers use of instructional materials in Primary Social Studies in Epe Metropolis The Beagle, Jou rnal of Primary Education,, Vol. 1 and 2, pageboy 71-77. Awosolu, E.O. and Fasasi A.K. (1996) Teachers use of Instructional Materials in Primary Social Studies in Epe Metropolis quoting Agun 1988, Nduanya 1986, Imogie 1988, Alani et al 1995, Dufour and Dahunsi 1979, Ajimoko 1973, Preston and Herman 1981, Akibote 1983, Akanbi 1982, and Osofisan 1982 in the Beagle, Journal of Primary Education, Vol 1 and 2, page 71 77. Olowoye, B. (1996) Principle and Method of Teachings. Ibadan, Afolabi shake up Limited Page 107 120Osunkalu, A.S. (1973) Instructional Media quoting Adesina 1982, Durojaiye 1978Welberg 1970, Nwaogu 1980 and Pophas 1971 in a Journal of Teachers chair Vol. 2 page 21 26. mentation as multi-pages

Concrete is the single most widely used material in the world Essay

Concrete a composite man-made cloth is the most astray employ material in the construction industry. It consists of a rotationally chosen sort of binding material such as lime or cement, well-graded delicately and coarse union, water and admixture. In a cover mix, cement and water form a ranch or matrix which fills the voids of the fine integrality and binds them (fine and coarse) together. The mixture then placed in forms and al mortifieded to cure and becomes onerous alike stone. The hardening of cover is caused by chemical substance reaction between water and cement and it continues for a long time, and consequently, the concrete grows stronger with age.The force play, durability and new(prenominal) characteristics of concrete depend upon the properties of its ingredients, the proportion of the mix, the method of compaction and other controls during placing and circle. Basically, concrete can be classified into dickens stages namely which is fresh concrete and hard ened concrete. there are a few types of concrete likes polymer concrete, crank concrete, asphalt concrete and geopolymer concrete.Geopolymers are formed by alkali-activating a variety of materials including cut down ash, blast furnace slag, thermally activated carcasss etc. to produce a cement-like material. The iii most common raw ligatures used in polymerization are slag, calcined clays (metakaolin) and coal fly ash. The ring-binder materials should contain high levels of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) in amorphous form. The raw materials play a world-shattering role in the geopolymer reaction and affect the automatic properties and microstructure of the final polymeric products.Generally, materials containing mostly amorphous silica (SiO2) and alumina (Al2O3) are the source for geopolymer production. Naturally in stock(predicate) materials like kaolin , natural puzzolana and Malaysian oceanic clay , treated minerals like metakaolin and waste materials like fly ash ,Cons truction waste , red clay brick waste , fly ash and rice husk-bark ash, fly ash and blast furnace slag etc can be used. Many different materials have already been investigated and used as the binder in geopolymer concrete mixes, including paltry atomic number 20 fly ash ( sept F fly-ash)High calcium fly ash (Class C fly-ash)Calcined kaolin or metakaolinNatural minerals containing Al and SiSilica FumeSlagRed collyAlbiteGeopolymer binders may be made from a variety of alumino-silicate sources. The engineering aspects of geopolymer concrete as later on described in this document relate to geopolymeric materials base primarily on low calcium (or Class F) y ashes. Geopolymers incorporating significant quantities of calcium-rich materials such as slag, for instance, may have different properties to those based on low calcium y ash alone. While mercenary availability of geopolymer concrete is a new phenomenon, not just in Australia exclusively globally, geopolymer technology and i ts finishing in real projects is not new. Development of the technology has been undertaken in Europe for the entirety of the post-World War 2 era, predominantly in Ukraine during and following the Soviet rule, but significantly in France, Spain, Germany and other countries.This era of look into and comement resulted in the construction of numerous structures including courtly waterworks, railway sleepers, pipes, pavement, roads, fire resistance coatings, conventional precast products and even a twenty-story apartment building in Lipetsk,Russia. Some of these structures are now over 60 years old and their durability has been proven in both the laboratory and most importantly, in the field. contempt this level of large-scale development, the commercial impetus to develop the technology into a business did not emanate until the highly substantial carbon emissions from conventional OPC fictionalisation have becomeof concern.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE go off2.1BACKGROUND OF STUDYThe s tudy of the susceptibility of geopolymer concrete by utilise oven curing was done by P. K. Jamade and U.R. Kawade. Geopolymer concrete is prepared by mixing the fly ash, atomic number 11 silicate and sodium hydroxide in this study elusion and cured at a different temperature which is 60, 90 and 120. The observation has been showing that geopolymer concrete gained a larger compressive readiness at higher(prenominal) temperature. The curing time withal affects the polymerization butt which influences the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete. The polymerization process can be improved by change magnitude the period of the curing to increase the strength of geopolymer concrete.Steenie Edward Wallah uses four different analyse specimen which has the different compressive strength to test the shrinking of geopolymer concrete. The result was compared to the drying shrinkage value which was cipher by using Gilbert method. The result showed that the geopolymer concrete has a very low drying shrinkage. However, the value of drying shrinkage calculated by Gilbert method was 5 to 7 times higher than the value measured.Monita and Hamid R. Nikraz studied the strength characteristics, water permeableness, and water absorption of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer mix was tried and true with different water/binder ratio, aggregate/binder ratio, alkaline/fly ash ratio and aggregate grading. The results showed that reduce the water/binder ratio and aggregate/binder ratio can obtain a good quality of concrete the water permeability does not affect by any broker the water absorption increased by using well-graded aggregates, reducing water/binder ratio and increasing the content of fly ash.Arya Aravind and Matthew M Paul had cerebrate the study on the compressive strength and tensile strength of geopolymer concrete with the reinforcing steel fiber. Experiments were carried out in Box-Behnken data-based design which is a type of respons e come up methodology. From the result of the Box-Behnken design, it can be concluded that the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete is increased with an increase of the curing period. When the dowery of steel fiber increased, the tensile strength of geopolymer also increased. The strength obtained under the curing process with common sunlight was 16 N/mm2.