How Do Certain Food and Beverage

Despite all the conventional methods of analyzing the customers with all the physical and social and other factors, the actual statistics seem to differ tremendously from the estimated outcomes. This is because we as humans seem to bank heavily on emotions. Once the customer has some sort of emotional attachment with the outlet for whatsoever reasons, he is not going to opt for other places. The customer might now be considered loyal to the outlet. The customer wouldn’t prefer going to any of the competitors because he feels he has some sort of bond with the outlet. This emotional umbilical cord is very powerful as it is one of the easiest and the most effective ways to maintain customer loyalties. As they say, it is easier to retain the existing customers than it is to create new ones. The existing customers would always walk in with that feeling of homeliness and once this feeling of theirs is respected and catered, all the outlet has do is cash in. Existing customers don’t mind paying a little extra also because they’ve already grown used to the ambience and the way the outlet is run. Therefore, it should be profoundly important for the hotels and restaurants, to see to it that they lock in the customers as their regular guests. The hotels have to work hard to make sure that the customers don’t take away the business elsewhere. The loss of a regular customer is colossal. The hotel is just not losing that one customer but a lot more than that. All those people whom he had recommended the hotel in course of years would also develop negative thoughts and opinions about the outlet. This might be a very serious issue and often devastating for the hotel chains. Loyalty as such is the key factor in most businesses, but its impact is more clearly visible in the business of hospitality and hotel management. When compared to several other businesses, the one fact that stands out here is that the hospitality industry has a lot to do with how the customer actually feels about being at the place. This might include the food, the ambience, the customer satisfaction and several other factors. Hospitality has more to do with experience as against those of other industries who just sell products. There can be many ways in which this can be done, some hotels prefer giving free gifts, some give special privileges to their regular customers, some others give huge discounts. All these methods are simply aimed at encouraging customer loyalty. The hotels and restaurants should never miss a chance on maintaining and pleasing loyal customers given the fact that this emotional attachment is so very delicate yet powerful enough change the very course of several businesses. Research Problem: It is because of these above stated reasons that it becomes immensely important for the managers to study the science of loyalty management and learn how to implement it thoroughly. Discussion: Important concepts and theories, the background of the study: In simple terms, it can be said that in spite of all what the company the customer has an inherent tendency to keep looking for better alternatives, the analogy here is given by Leahy where the characteristic customer behavior is compared to that of a cat. A dog considered being man’s best friend because come what may it does not swerve its loyalties. However the customer behaves more like the cat and is always on the lookout for softer and more comfortable lap. The need of the hour is that the hotels should see to it that they provide this soft lap to the customers and always keep increasing the standard of their services. Leahy here compares the restaurants to the airlines; the airlines have been far more successful in maintaining loyal customers than the hospitality industry. Airlines have several clubs where the members are classified as gold, silver or other such members. The members of such clubs are offered free up gradation from economy to business class if the seats are free. However no such practice is noticed among the hotel managements. The article takes evidence from US consultancy Colloquy, noting that restaurants are lagging far behind other businesses in developing loyalty schemes. The article notes that in the United States, only 27. 2 million customers are part of restaurant loyalty schemes, while airlines have over 254. 4 million members for their loyalty schemes. Leahy further emphasizes that loyalty issues are to be taken very seriously in the restaurant business and it is very important to retain regular customers. The General Approach: There are many ways to retain regular customers, one such prominent way is the loyalty card, a technique which has now caught on even in big showrooms and jewel stores. The simple technique here is that every time the customer buys something, he is given certain points and once these points reach a certain value, the points can be exchanged for discounts or special offers. This not only keeps the customer coming back to your store but also helps in maintaining good relations. Once again this idea was an innovation of the aviation industry and it still needs to be implemented to a greater extent in the hospitality industry. According to CEFF (2007), loyalty cards schemes are a key factor in determining choice of hotel, airlines and restaurant chains by leisure travelers. Surveys have revealed that even though there are some customers who don’t quite bother about these loyalty cards, a good percentage about seventy percent of them admit that the loyalty cards played prominent roles in them determining their hotel or airlines. Literary Reviews and Opinions: Gomez, Arranz and Cillan (2006) argue that these loyalty programs yield two important results of interest, which may be applied to the hotel and restaurant hospitality sectors. Such a program creates to genres of customers. The first class of customers includes those who display more behavior loyalty than the others simply because they are emotionally aware that the hotel considers them more important than their counterparts which are not enrolled in any of the loyalty schemes. As in all businesses, emotion plays a very prominent role even in the hotel and management industry. Yet another thing that needs to be borne in mind is that the customer will not simply walk in to your outlet just because you have all these cards and offers. For example, however captivating and encouraging might be the scheme; the customer will come to your restaurant only when he feels like eating. You can never force the customer to increase the number of his visits, directly or indirectly. Research that compares consumer behavior before and after the introduction of a loyalty program show that there is no real difference in the number of visitors, or the amount of purchasing done (Gomez, Arranz, & Cillan, 2006). Here it is once again argued that loyalty program don’t quite generate new loyal customers but just help in retaining the existing loyal customers. As in any other business, the sole objective and the motive behind your business should be very clear, for example, if the customer doesn’t like your product, then all the management tactics in the world will not help him come to you. The bottom line is that what you offer the customer must stand up to his expectations. Trust and satisfaction are won by genuine effort and determination, there are no shortcuts, and the customer is smart enough to figure out what the actual standard of your restaurant is. According to Gomez, Arranz and Cillan (2006), effective loyalty can only come from customer attitudes such as satisfaction, trust and commitment. Loyalty based on simple repeated behavior is not very effective. Ethical Considerations: Unwanted effects of biased management: Some researchers argue that even though loyalty is a very important issue, it is very difficult to impress the customer through these roundabout techniques; the management needs to focus more on other basic issues like the maintenance and the quality of service. All these schemes and offers can only assist the growth, they can never be the sole reason for the growth and a sensible manager should never depend upon any of these. Lacey and Sneath (2006) argue that customer loyalty programs are not always fair to all consumers. The argument is assisted by the fact that such loyalty schemes only focus on a certain class of customers and not all customers. This creates negative hype and ill feeling among. The firm spends all the resources on pleasing the existing customers whom they assume to be loyal where as the new customers who might prove to be loyal customers in the future are just left to themselves. If this methodology is practiced in the long run, the organization might stand to lose many customers, the organization was so very considered about pleasing the existing customers that they forgot that they even have to generate new customers. â€Å"One of the basic principles of the company is remembering what it is that guests prefer when they are in your hotel,† explained (Ritz Carlton) spokeswoman Vivian Deuschl. Such an approach can even be dreadful at times. It is argued that the same quality service should be given to all the customers. Never should the restaurant make the mistake of pleasing one class of customers at the expense of others. Such a treatment might be very pleasing to the regular customer but even he will hesitate to recommend the restaurant to others because he knows that new customers are not treated well over there. Apart from all the above-mentioned ill effects, this practice is strongly condemned even on ethical grounds. The safest and the best alternative are to provide uniform treatment throughout to all the customers. This generates a positive attitude and helps a lot in business. There is no substitute to genuine hard work, determination and honest implementation of policies. As Jack Welch in his book Winning quotes â€Å"sorry, there are no shortcuts†. Hypothesis and Questions: The prime objectives: Rather than concentrating on these hypothetical concerns, the restaurant should be bothered more about improving service delivery, bakery products, and cooking. Lacey and Sneath further argue that customers who are not a part of such loyalty schemes are often discriminated against and this is very unpleasant for the customer as well as a loss in revenue for the management. Langenderfer & Cook (2004), Petty (2000) throw light on a very important aspect here. The customer databases are rich with information and are excellent resources and if by chance this data ends up in wrong hands, t can be very taxing for the customers. If such a thing happens, then it would be a clear exploitation of customer rights and a breach of moral and ethical values. The customer would then obviously hesitate to become a member of any such loyalty schemes in future. Wendlandt & Schrader (2007) come up with yet another intriguing question, they argue that all these schemes at times might even backfire and in fact cause more loss to the organization. As an able manager, the first that needs to be firmly affixed in mind is that we as humans are more effected by emotional happenings than anything else. Once the person is emotionally troubled or if he even perceives that he is being manipulated, even the most loyal of the customers will give up. The customer might get frustrated by all these and begin to think that all these tricks only serve as gimmicks and in fact react exactly in a way opposite to what is expected of him. Smartly designed loyalty schemes however can actually avoid reactance of this type. For example, a loyalty scheme that offers long-term financial rewards that have to be gathered over repeat visits will probably avoid reactance (Wendlandt & Schrader, 2007). However, long-term loyalty schemes can also be less effective at retaining regular customers. Kirby (2007) has yet another way of seeing the same scenario, the argument here is that it is more beneficial to serve customers as people rather than targeting on their customer profiles. The argument here is that rather than treating loyalty as just another part of the charm game, the hotels should earn repeat business by offering excellent services based on remembered and recorded client preferences (Kirby, 2007). If hotels invest in tracking guest preferences and provide a superior service through the use of Customer Relationship Management (CRM), the customer will automatically be retained. Weinstein (2004) further argues that the ambience and the feel of the place are also very important. Always remember that the customer might forget what he came for, why he came, when he came etc but he is never going to forget how it felt to be there with you. In the book the â€Å"Ice Cream Maker†, a book on the concept of six sigma, the author argues that in a departmental store or a shopping mall, it takes an average of seven to eight seconds for the customer to pass by your restaurant, it is in this minute fragment of time that we have to impress the customer that our outlet is actually worth a visit. To make the customer ‘feel’ something is an enormous challenge in its own right. Therefore, it is well worth going the extra mile to provide extra amenities to impress guests into engaging in repeat business (Weinstein, 2004). Some of the 5 star chains in Dubai follow this strategy, hoping to get repeat business by pampering even walk-in customers. Research Questions: To summarize we can say that all the literature on loyalty is divided into two categories both conflicting each other. The first category, is those who advocate the loyalty schemes to lock in customers and make sure that they patronize and prefer certain restaurants in place of the other. Some researchers even argue that such a type of management might even be unethical. The second category of advisors are those who emphasize on the importance of personalized service, remembering customer preferences, and offering amenities to keep customers coming back. They note that rather than discriminating customers, their stand is that hotels, restaurants and other businesses should keep service standards high across the board. As a manager we are faced with the question that when and to what extent which of these methodologies or logics are to implemented? What is to be given more importance and how are customers, both old and new to be dealt with? Should the approach to both these parties be same or different? What is it that needs to be done so that all the parties are happy and content? How are we going to satisfy the emotional requirements of our customers? Jang and Mattila (2005) throw light on yet another trend. Their basic argument is that the manager must learn to understand the customer needs and requirements and react accordingly, for example, if the customer is expecting monetary benefits, then he must simply be given so, instead if the hotel argues that the customer be given only the free spa session or a free buffet lunch against his will, then it is only obvious that none of the parties is happy. The customer is displeased because he is given something free of cost something he actually has no desire for. The hotel has used up its employees and other resources for the same purpose, which was not at all fruitful. Thus, such a decision has a negative impact on all parties. Jang and Matilla further note that at times immediate cash discounts are also not the solutions to the problem. Also, while customers may want immediate rewards, it usually suits managers to delay gratification in order to ensure repeat business. Also, there is less guilt associated with luxury rewards if they’ve worked up to them over a period of time. It is also noted that there is a very strong potential for developing such programs in the hospitality industry. The transactions involved and the formalities taken up during the process of loyalty offers should be made very convenient and comfortable. The customers should not be penalized to show their loyalty cards every time; the hotels should remember the customers and work towards serving them better. Data Management and Analysis and Budget considerations and timelines: Statistics will provide all sorts of data from all sorts of places. This data might vary over decades of research or even more, the right management comes from the fact that the manager should be able to pick up the right data and study it accordingly, wrongly directed research or haywire policy implementation is sure to spell doom for the company. Therefore, it is of profound importance that the right data be chosen from all perspectives, the implementation schemes should not be so costly that the management suffers because of these, after all management is all about producing the best possible results in the minimum possible expenditure. Also, the time limits should also be adhered to very strictly. What might be a huge success in summer might be a complete failure in winter. If the set goals are not achieved within the given time limits, then the entire purpose of research is flawed. Conclusion: There is no dearth of literature as far as the loyalty issue is concerned. Managers realize very well that there is more to management than just analyzing theories, real problems need real and innovative approaches, and not everything can be solved from the books. Able managers know for a certainty that all what is in research papers is just conjectures and even if a particular scheme or technique worked very well in a particular hotel or restaurant, there is no guarantee that it will produce the same or similar results elsewhere or even the same hotel the next year. Trends change, people change, their needs and expectations change, every year researchers come up with new theories. The key to being a successful manager is to have the right instincts and realize where to draw the line. It might be noted that the manager should not go to extremes, as an example he might be so puffed up with confidence that he turns a deaf year to the researchers or for that matter is so engrossed in the research that he forgets that he has to deal with real life situations. Coming to the issue of hotel management and the hospitality industry, the first and the foremost thing that should be firmly affirmed in the mind is that unless and until the product and services are up to the mark and stand valid in front of the customers’ expectations, no amount of management hoopla can help the cause. The hotel management should be more concerned about the quality of service and other basic but very important factors. Only when these issues are properly and sensibly addressed to and resolved can the management think of anything else. The loyalty considerations are also to be dealt with great care and delicacy. It is but natural that the older customer will expect better services and the new customers would want their privileges to be on par with those of everyone else. This is where the elegance of the manager comes handy. The manager should be able to glide between such scenarios always keeping in mind the benefit of the employees and should also be successful enough to generate the maximum possible revenue.

Critical analysis of the Lottery Essay

Overall Shirley Jackson discusses the movement of the setting, the unusual foreshadowing, and the outermost symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery† to give an overall point of view of the story. Even though a small village made seem peaceful, and a good place to raise a family, it is not always what it seems to be. The reader is about to enter a world with ritualistic ceremony and religious orthodoxy in â€Å"The Lottery.† The Lottery takes place on a clear and sunny summer morning around June 27 in a small village with about three hundred villagers gathering together in the central square for the annual lottery. As a child Shirley Jackson was interested in writing; she won a poetry prize at age twelve, and in high school she keeps a diary to record her writing progress. In 1937 she entered Syracuse University, where she published stories in the student literary magazine. Despite her busy life as a wife and a mother of four children, she wrote every day on a disciplined schedule. â€Å"The Lottery† is one of Jackson’s best-known works. In â€Å"The Lottery† Shirley Jackson will discusses the movement of the setting, unusual foreshadowing and outermost symbolism to give us an overall point of view from the story. When one thinks of a lottery, one imagines winning a large sum of money. Shirley Jackson uses the setting in â€Å"The Lottery† to foreshadow an ironic ending. The peaceful and tranquil town described in this story has an annual lottery every June 27 early part of 1800’s in a small village with 300 people (456). Setting is to describe time and place of the story. The story occurs â€Å"around ten o’clock† (456). This is an unusual time because in most towns all the adults would be working during mid-morning. In the lottery an ironic ending is also foretold by the town’s setting being described as one of normalcy. The town square is described as being â€Å"between the post office and the bank† (456). Every normal town has these buildings, which are essential for day-to-day functioning. Throughout the story little parts of setting are being told, to give a clearer picture for a better understanding of the story. Jackson foreshadows a surprise ending. Foreshadowing is to hint of something  that would follow with the story. As the story continues the reader is told that school has let out for the summer, and yet the â€Å"feeling of liberty sits uneasily with the children† (456), which is strange, for no normal kid would be anything less than ecstatic over summer break. Finally, the children are said to be building â€Å"a pile of stones in one corner of the square† (456), which is a very strange game for children to play. All of these hints indicate that something strange and unexpected is going to happen, and they all will make sense once we discuss the story’s final outcome. Symbolism is also a strong element of the story. The introduction of the black box carried by Mr. Summer (456) is a key turning point showing symbolism, which is anything in a story that represents something else, giving the awful ominous answers to all those foreshadowing hints. When the black box is brought in, it’s said to be a tradition that no one liked to upset. The villagers kept their distance from the box, as though they feared it (461). More and more the town’s peculiarity begins to become apparent. For an example, the names of certain residents hit at the irony and unfavorable events to come. From the author’s extravagant detailing of the town, one would expect this â€Å"lottery† to be a chance for one lucky family to win some money. Instead, the winner’s â€Å"prize† is death-by stoning In the story Tessie won the prize when Bill, her husband, forced the paper out of her hand (461). The portrayal of the residents at the end of the story is disturbing–they go about killing the â€Å"winner† ritualistically, trying to â€Å"finish quickly.† (461). They show no empathy at all–they’re simply following an ancient ritual. Overall Shirley Jackson discusses the movement of the setting, the unusual foreshadowing, and the outermost symbolism in â€Å"The Lottery.† The lesson in this story hits pretty hard. The Lottery’s relationship to real life is that sometimes we are presented with traditions that have been adhered to for as long as anyone can remember, and we forget the reason these customs were created in the first place. The problem is that circumstances can change and make these traditions outdated, useless, and even harmful. Overall the main point of the story is that ignorant and indulgent believers can bring death to an innocent person, so therefore we must re-evaluate our traditions; otherwise we’re just letting ourselves be stoned.

Exegesis of james chapter 5 verses 13-18 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exegesis of james chapter 5 verses 13-18 - Essay Example let him sing psalms† (James 5:13, New King James Version, 1611). This particular verse is aimed at humanity as a whole. James is essentially telling his readers that there is really no situation or circumstance that negates the need for prayer. James is also reminding his readers that God is available in times of trouble and also in times of rejoicing. This is possibly intended to illustrates God’s omniscient and omnipotence. A textual translation of this particular exert in the book of James is much less complicated than many other passages which can be looked at on the subject of prayer. The face value of what is being said here is simply an emphasis on the obedient act of prayer with faith. This holds true two thousand years ago just as it holds true today. There is very little variance on the different translations of this particular exert. It is also centrifugal to this message to know that when James refers to the afflicted, he means anyone with financial worries, health issues or troubles in life; should proactively turn their issue at hand over to God so that He may intervene in their life. James continues on in verse 14 to qualify his previous statement, â€Å"Is any sick among you? let him call for the elders of the church; and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. (James 5:14). James also alludes to the fact that their are several aspects of prayer which enhance ones effective and personal communication with God. James goes on in verse 15 to expand on this concept, â€Å"And the prayer offered in faith will make the sick person well; the Lord will raise him up. If he has sinned, he will be forgiven†(James 5:15). In this passage, James illustrates the effects of heartfelt and effective prayer. This whole passage is indicative of the magnitude of God and his power but on a level which communicates to the reader. James explains that faith is really the currency to spiritual entrance into the presence

Matilda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Matilda - Essay Example Miss Trunchbull maintains significant negative personality defects, believing that the most perfect school possible would be â€Å"one in which there were no children at all† (Bansal, 2). Trunchbull works for the sake of exploiting the youths in her school, satisfying her own, ill-conceived perceptions of authority and discipline, and to reinforce that her level of authority is superior. This is evident in the actions of tossing children out of the classroom window and locking them in a contraption which could be compared to a medieval torture device as a means of maintaining control. From a psychological perspective, Miss Trunchbull might be acquainted to an individual with a severe personality disorder and could well require psychiatric or psychological evaluation. Clearly, Miss Trunchbull’s approach to student discipline and generic education is one in which the student’s weaknesses are constantly identified and publicized, creating a learning environment where the student is not enticed to excel or to enjoy the fruits of youth, innocence and childhood. Miss Trunchbull works against no appropriate model of education whatsoever and clearly indicates her distaste for children in all of her interactions with the student population. Miss Honey, however, is a balanced authoritarian who mixes sentiment, empathy, kindness, direction and promotion as viable educational and psychological tools to stimulate Matilda’s self-confidence, self-expression, and to ensure she can reach the pinnacle of her talents and abilities. Honey’s approach to childhood education might best be comparable to a more progressive model in which the focus of student needs and aspirations becomes the foundation of all teaching methods. The one-on-one approach given to a somewhat embattled Matilda grants her self-assurance by creating connection and an open-communication environment. In Matilda’s home environment, her every

Business report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business report - Essay Example tement in mind, this work will focus on how patron satisfaction is affecting the use of a specific library technological tool, the self-checkout machine, at Library of American University in Dubai. The technological advancements of the electronic age have permeated all aspects of our everyday lives. Businesses in many parts of the world and most businesses in the industrialized countries have embraced some kind of technology in their daily operations. Libraries have certainly not been left out. Library administrators must be involved in ongoing decision making and planning to ensure that library equipment have appropriate capabilities to meet the purpose for which they are intended. Library automation is the process by which library operations are performed electronically. In particular, it performs tasks that people would normally do (Greenberg, 2002). The need for library automation has arisen because of the information explosion; many libraries are being inundated with unprecedented demands by their users. Almost all aspects of library services have been impacted by the technological advancements of the information age. In fact, libraries that recognize how technology can e nhance their services and consequently improve patron satisfaction are destined for success. Today’s technological innovations have indeed overtaken traditional library services, as libraries have undergone major transformations moving them from the Stone Age to the Electronic Age. In order to be successful in their work, librarians are now required to take a fresh look at their profession. In some cases, libraries may experience an increase in patronage as more and more people take advantage of the innovative services that have been introduced to the library world. Almost every aspect of library services has been affected by technology. The growth of technology has forced library professionals to rethink the way information is collected, stored, and dispensed. As a result of the wide

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ARCHAEOLOGICAL ETHICS - Essay Example However, they were unable to identify where the American Indians came from. Later, many scientists described them as the lost tribes of Israel based on their traditional values, similar cultural ethics and languages. However, the new discovery of remains of Kennewick man opened many new discussions in this regard. Controversy of Kennewick Man Kennewick man case came up with many disputes among the people of different origins and classes. First, controversy is the legal controversy that was played in the courts and congress about the possession of the remains. Second was the dispute of emotional attachment to the theories of evolution versus intelligent design. In 1996, Washington was under the management of U.S Army Corps of Engineers (COE) who found a skeleton near the banks of the Columbian River. They asked an anthropologist, James Chatter to examine the skeleton. James Chatter considered it to be related to Caucasian people who lived in the Caucasian region and had more flat face s. Later, an ultraviolet examination of the bones made it one of the oldest complete set of remains found in the America. It was found to be 9000 years old. In 1996, Umatilla filed a case to return the remains to them and get it buried under The Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) that Corps of Engineers (COE) accepted. Later in the year 1996, eight scientists sued the CEO and Department of Interior saying that remains of Kennewick does not fulfill the demands of NAGPRA. It is neither related biologically nor culturally to any of the modern Indian tribe. They asked for the possession of the remains for scientific research purpose. On the basis of Chatter’s claim that Kennewick has Caucasian background, Asatru Folk which was a religious group from Northern California claimed that the Kennewick should be handed over to him as he shares the ancestors with him. The controversy continued for the possession of Kennewick man and in 1997 a United States Re presentative, Richard Hasting introduced a bill in the assembly to make amendments in NAGPRA that would allow the study of remains of Kennewick man and will help to solve the issue. After a long struggle, in 1999 some federal scientists were able to study Kennewick Man and they found that it belongs to Asian people rather than the tribes of America claiming its remains. They also claimed that DNA test should be done to prove this claim that was opposed by the tribes saying that for scientists ‘race’ is a social construct and is unable to be determined biologically. Also, biological affiliation is not necessary as per NAGPRA rule and it concentrates more on the affiliation of cultural affiliation. Origin of the People in the America When it comes to origin of the people in America, the major fight is between two groups of two very different schools of thought. First, who belief the creation of humans is by the God. Second those who strongly belief in the â€Å"theory of Evolution†. Both sides, proponents of evolution and those who reject it on the basis of religious belief, have emotional sentiments over this issue. Theory of evolution says that humans are the descendents of a tiny cell of primordial protoplasm washed up on an ocean beach about thirty two billion years ago. Those who reject the theory of evolution are of the view that if it is purely by chance then there is no point of existence of God.

My Obstacles and Outcomes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

My Obstacles and Outcomes - Essay Example The problem was that we needed to know what to do with children who are not bilingual and cannot understand the Korean language. I was an English teacher. My job was to lead the children through different activities and preach to them in English. This was a very frustrating experience since I had never preached before. There was also the problem of age differences. I had to handle children as young as 4-5 years of age as well as children who were in the 5th or 6th grade. I was used to smaller groups of children and these were larger. The first day was a nightmare. Firstly, I was not used to delivering a 25-minute sermon. Secondly, I could not get their attention. Thirdly, the preaching level was not up to par to their level of understanding. After brainstorming, matters improved. I came up with strategies. I created a PowerPoint presentation. I also searched for funny simple images that related to the bible story. For example, in telling the story of the blind man I found a picture o f a blind person. I used a strategy of questioning with storyboards and I also found short video clips from YouTube that related to the bible stories. Every child had a chance to answer and as a reward, I provided candy for answering the questions correctly. The final outcome was superb. The children paid attention to the bible study, during arts and crafts, and during their eating periods. The aim of the project was to have them get to know Christ. I was able to do this by creating a visual effect to catch their attention, providing different questions to match all ages, and rewarding them. In conclusion, the project was a challenge. The summer bible camp was an experience that increased my knowledge of teaching. These experiences made me think of new ideas. I am now a Sunday school teacher for 3rd and 4th graders at a new church. I am now able to handle international students more readily. I love teaching and getting to know the children. I hope to encounter other tasks to overcom e and gain knowledge from it, as a member of the Teach For America Corporation.

Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank Case Study

Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank - Case Study Example During these years, the bank had competed very well hence leading to its success. Its loan outstanding was also doubled yearly and its core deposit growth was on a straight incline (Townsend, Busenitz, & Arthurs, 2001). Factors that led to Oklahoma national bank success Quality management Total quality management is one of the management approaches applied by Oklahoma bank in seeking to establish zero defects when running its business. It comprises of team leadership, worker empowerment, and creative problem solving in order to achieve its set goals. These programs are now available in marketing, production, customer support and finance (Schjoedt, 2009). A TQM program includes all aspects of organizations operations that include; the structure of the company, the culture the company has developed, and its hiring and promotional practices. TQM evolved from the quality assurance methods that were first developed during the First World War. It was due to the poor banking systems in the First World War that led to the adoption of the quality management practices by this bank (Rodriguez, 2008) Defining and measuring quality in Oklahoma bank Quality in its final analysis, is the capacity to meet diverse requirements which are economical, productive, social and of course with measurable actions. The quality of performance is one of the basic elements in trying to differentiate an organization within any market. This bank has applied the quality management in the following areas of its operation: 1) Customer relationships - involves establishing strong relationships with the customer’s through partnership arrangements and having direct customer contacts. 2) Customer involvement in the new product designs - this involves the involvement of the potential customers in the... Business analysis of Oklahoma National Bank It was founded in early 2000 and grew at such an alarming rate that within a couple of years, it multiplied more than eleven times the original assets and capital. It provides personal banking, commercial banking, business banking, and wealth management services in the United States. Its success was fueled by strong organizational culture, the bank’s ability to maintain high asset quality, quality management and use of En Act to zero in on customer relationship. Since then, it has merged with a larger banking organization, but it retains its decision making at a local level. It does this in order to remain committed to the fundamental values and beliefs that have seen this bank go far. As a result, the bank prides itself in having a unique laic culture of a strong relationship among the employees, directors and the founders of the bank. The bank is also God driven as they open all meetings with a prayer hence see this particular adventure as a blessing from God and seek to be good stewards indeed. Another key strategy which the bank has applied is that, they promote open discussion and honesty among their employees in order to have an honest dialogue in â€Å"an effort to effort† to meet the customers long term banking needs. This paper presents a model of strategic approach and entrepreneurial behavior and activities in either individual or cooperate entrepreneurship that eventually leads to a positive leap forward relative to present position.

EXPLANATIONS FOR THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE Essay

EXPLANATIONS FOR THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE - Essay Example The first argument suggests that the development of agriculture was driven by a scarcity of resources. The second argument differs radically, claiming that it was a surfeit of resources that encouraged domesticity. This paper will discuss and compare these two argument types and conclude that while no one model appears to have all the answers it is Hayden’s model that appears more convincing. There are obvious academic merits attached to finding a solution to the problem of formative agriculture. Indeed, since the time of Darwin scientists, social-scientists, historians even theologians have all tried to put forward a convincing model that explains why certain hunter-gatherers decided to change thousands of years of practise and begin agriculture (Richerson et al 387-390). There have been a series of interesting and intriguing theories during that time – ranging from population pressure driving domestication to the development of rituals and theology encouraging a sense of place (Hayden 31). Naturally, the stakes are high. A well developed universal model of domesticity would explain once and for all the most important transition in human history. However, such a complete model does not yet exist. Two of the more interesting theories have to do with climate change, put forward here by Peter Richerson et al, and â€Å"competitive feasting† as explained by Brian Hayden, who suggests that the surplus of food encouraged social adaptation that encouraged the continued development of further agriculture and domesticity. The climate change theory consists of two major ideas. Essentially, there were ‘push’ and ‘pull’ factors. The former, at least according to Richerson and his colleagues, consisted of a sense of competition between Holocene societies which in effect made the development of agriculture during this period all but â€Å"compulsory† (Richerson 387). The second factor is comparatively simple –

A Hardball Leadership Essay Example for Free

A Hardball Leadership Essay Politics is a battlefield for power. Throughout history, politics play an important role in shaping leaders and forming powerful states. Wars are even conducted to be able to get the advantage of politics. However nowadays, to get ahead into politics warfare is not necessary; it all depends on how an individual handles it. It is more than just the leadership skills, the charisma and the motivation to serve. It is the usage of the smartest strategies to get acquainted with the ‘who’ and to get the ‘what’. â€Å"The end justifies the means. Machiavelli famously imprinted these words in the world of politics. For Machiavelli, politics is more than just a career, it is an art that should be mastered and should be maintained. For Chris Matthews, politics is a game that should be learned by playing according to a set of rules. Both authors have goals in mind: to be on top of the power. Their works serve as guidelines on handling politics. Machiavelli and Matthews provide strategies on how to be an influential and effective political figure. These rules were patterned in the context of their current society. Though Machiavelli’s attack on The Prince is more aggressive than Matthews, this is mainly because of the political turmoil that has occurred during his time. Matthews on the other hand, wrote practical approaches that can be applied not just in government but as well as in business, job promotion or other aspects of life. This is to convey that politics is everywhere. Nonetheless, despite the differences between Matthews and Machiavelli, their works are cohesively direct to the path of power. To be the best player in the field of politics, one must maximize everything – including flaws and opponents – to his or her advantage. While Machiavelli focused more on state affairs, Matthews applied strategies not just to politics but to general ways of life. Like Machiavelli, Matthews related in his book on how to rise to power and maintaining it the moment it is achieved. The spread of influence and the utilization of wits will be able to bring someone to the top. Matthews enumerated his practical strategies that people within the Washington circle used. The ability to appear powerful is one of the tactics which Machiavelli has also cited. The embodiment of power is important to acquire power itself. From the famous saying of ‘what the mind conceive the body will achieve,’ people and competitors will believe a person portraying as a powerful individual. It creates a strong impression. To convince others that one has a power; it should reflect the outer attributes and incorporate the attitudes of a powerful entity. The Politician will have to utilize everything to be able to reach the top and at the top, his resources should be exhausted even more to maintain his or her stature. The Prince has the same aim. Machiavelli described most of his tactics with the likes of being a fox and to be a lion at the same time. On the other hand, Matthews associated it with a term of aggressive sports. In the field of sports, an athlete needs to play hard and it is necessary to lay out the strategies to be able to win the game. The aspects of deception and manipulation clearly reflect a Machiavellian theme situated in the White House. The politician works closely with the enemies rather than shunning them away. It gives the politician an opportunity to watch the actions of the enemy directly. Their capabilities can be used in favor of the politician’s gain. Both authors have stated the importance of alliances to strengthen influence and gain trust. Machiavelli stressed the importance of taking sides rather than going neutral. Win or lose, the Prince still has allies to aid him when crisis comes. Matthews mentioned having alliances to gain loyal supporters. He was able to portray in Washington, that people who actually do favors for the politician become great allies. The work of Chris Matthews is often compared with Machiavelli. Both of them preached the same aim of acquiring power, though their subjects are different. It can be viewed that Machiavelli’s The Prince is solely based on an individualistic approach since he focused on monarchies as a source of power. On the contrary, Matthews’ approach is more inter-personal. By the title of his book Hardball: How Politics Is Played Told By One Who Knows The Game, it gives the impression of sports which is composed of individuals and teams. To be on top means to be the captain of the game. Hardball can be a useful reference for people who want to get ahead with life. As mentioned earlier, Matthews’ approach is not as aggressive as Machiavelli. This can be applied in other aspects of life because as what Matthews mentioned in his introduction, â€Å"there are enduring human truths in the rules that politicians play by† (Matthews 17). Matthews depicts politics as an exciting and thrilling environment where the most amusing personalities are passionately involved. Machiavelli, on the other hand, gave a cruel and ruthless picture. Since politics is compared with sports, the major player from Matthews’ book is a prominent figure in world politics. The United States is one of the most influential countries, economic-wise and political wise. As a state, the U. S. is good at keeping their alliances. The long years of friendship with other countries (i. e. Great Britain) contributed to numerous gains which helped the US to be a super power in the international community. Behind its status is the most powerful political figure in the United States. For the upcoming 2008 US Presidential election, it is notable to mention a candidate that created a name for him as the first colored American to be nominated for presidency. Barack Obama can be a perfect example of a major player in Matthews’ political field. Being raised in a multi-racial background, this became an asset for him to reach different minorities in the country. This particular asset of Obama became one of his forefronts of his campaign which focused on thriving for change. Modern United States is a diverse country made up of various racial origins and Obama thought that his colored skin can be an advantage. Obama revealed in his memoir Dreams from my Father about his previous lifestyle of smoking and drinking. Relating this particular detail of his life, it can be seen as a target for his opponent to dwell on. However, this can also be viewed as a method derived from Matthews’ book. Before the other party can even use it against him, he does the broadcasting himself. Admitting one’s flaw can lessen the negative impact of it, and the rivals will have to search for a new attack to use against the politician. Citing this example, it is seen how Chris Matthews’ strategies are put to use. This kind of political play inside the White House reflects how the United States moves in the arena of world politics. Taking that into account, Chris Matthews gives the readers a clear picture of the inner workings of America’s political center. Washington is portrayed as the battlefield, wherein politics is the game, and the athletes are the politicians who play hardball.

The Laser Communication System

The Laser Communication System This report is apprehensive with Optical communication in which the source of light is a laser and whose beam is modified for video, voice or data communication over the wide range of bandwidths, typically 1 GHZ or more. Since when the laser is invented, it has attracted the communication engineers because it is the revolutionary source of electromagnetic radiation. There are basically two principal reasons for this attraction. First, optical carrier frequencies are about ten thousand times higher than those available in the microwave part of the spectrum. If we can develop techniques for achieving even modest modulation percentage bandwidths, the information handling capacity can be increased at a great deal. The second reason relates to the narrow beam width that can be obtained from a laser. This means that power can be efficiently transmitted to distant points [1]. In this report I have prepared a Laser communication system in which we are transmitting our voice across the room with help of the Laser. We have described how the system is made i.e. complete description about the design of transmitter and complete description about the receiver. We also have tested the system and its working successfully. The components used for the project were very cheap and easily available (like transformer, led, solar cell, laser, microphone jacks, mic, amplifier, battery holder and batteries). This is in fact the best method to make a Cheapest Laser communication system. Basics about Lasers and optical fibers are described as both were important to know. The advantages and disadvantages of both laser communication system and optical fibers are discussed in this report. To make an optical communication system we must require sources of light. The properties of the two mostly used sources of lights i.e. LASER (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation) and LED (Light Emitting Diodes) is also been discussed in a tabular form. By using this table we can identify which source to use at what time. There are also some challenges faced by the laser communication system and optical fibers, these are discussed and solution to some of them is also given. It is also been told that what will be the business benefits, when we will find the solution of those problems. This report is all about the short range communication but also can be used for long communication systems. Chapter 1: Literature review 1.1 Laser LASER is a short form of Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The theory of laser is that an atom in excited state encounters a photon of same energy that is equal to the gap energy between the excited and ground states of the atom. When this type of photon is encountered, then another photon is emitted which is of the same energy. The research in Lasers slowly continued and increased the scope area. There were different types of improvements in laser structure and design which enhanced the lifetime of the lasers, beam width was focused, improved continuity of output, regulated and short pulse duration, etc. Henceforth Transportations became largest areas in which lasers were thought to have application. Increasing telephone use, electronic transmission, relaying of television signals, and the need for communication in space all contributed to the emphasis placed on laser technology toward communications[2]. The major attraction to lasers for communications purpose is the fact that the quantity of data or information that an EM wave can carry is proportional to its frequency. One more interesting thing about Optical light is its frequencies; the optical frequencies are 109 times greater than the radio waves and also105 times greater than microwaves. Communication technology was growing day by day and Lasers were emerging as the ideal solution for this complex problem. There were huge amount of technical complications in using lasers for the communications, and it took many years of hard work and invention of other technologies which made laser communication practical. The first invention was the discovery by Charles Kao and George Hockham in 1970 that glass fibers could transmit laser light [2]. The working principle of the Laser communication system is very similar to fiber optic links, but the difference is that the beam is transmitted through free space. While the transmitter and receiver must require line-of-sight conditions, this is the only so called constraint of the laser communication system. As any barrier between the transmitter and receiver can cause the data loss but they have the benefit of eliminating the need for buried cables and broadcasting rights. Laser communications systems can be easily deployed since they are cheap, small, low power and do not require any radio interference stuff to revision. The carrier used for the transmission signal is generated by a laser diode. Two parallel beams are required, one for transmission and one for reception. But the system which is to be implemented in this project is only one way. Laser communications have been a very attractive topic lately, because it has given the solutions for how to satisfy ever increasing bandwidth needs which are in high demand. Some have suggested that bandwidth could be distributed in neighborhoods by putting laser communication systems on top of homes and pointing them towards a common transceiver with a fast link to the Internet [2]. With possible transmit speeds of up to a gigabit per second, this is an exciting area. 1.2 Optical fiber Before starting with the laser communication system we must also be familiar with optical fiber communications i.e. the communications with the help of glass fibers because laser communications is a part of optical communications somewhere, as laser communication can be done with and without optical fiber and laser is also a source of light in optical communication with LED (Light emitting diode) [3,9]. This thinking of optical communications with the help of the glass fiber was generated at the time of Alexander Graham Bell [4]. Yet it took many years for its practical implementations as better quality of glass and low cost electronic equipment was invented quite a while after that. In 1960s the development of the optical communication was started with the invention of the new devices and fibers and which is going on till now. The most interesting thing happened in 1980s. During these 10 years the public communication networks were developed for the optical communications and it became the most dominant technology. There were 3 major milestones in all the developments and they were following: [4] In late 1950s LASER was invented In 1970s low loss optical fiber was developed. In 1980s amplifier for the optical fiber was invented. The use of the optical communication technology blowout like a fire. And the coaxial copper wire, which were used in early times, were replaced by the optical fibers and a new era of technology emerged called as optical communications technology. The two technologies electronics communications and optical communications are very much closely related to each other but the principle of operation in both the technologies is different. There is a misconception in the people about optical communication that the light travels in the optical fiber as the current or electricity travels in wires. This is not true, because in optical communication systems light is an electromagnetic wave and optical fiber is a waveguide. Also the connection between the wires i.e. in the electronic communications is very easy as compared to the optical fibers. In optical communications we require connectors to join two optical fibers [3,4]. 1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of optical fiber Now we should discuss some advantages and disadvantages of optical fibers over copper wire: 1.3.1 Advantages of optical fibers Data secrecy i.e. security of the data Data Truthfulness i.e. very low loss of data Long distance communications is possible without involving repeaters, amplifiers and boosters. Large amount of data can be communicated. Optical fibers are insusceptible to EM interference, but not immune to the alpha and the beta energies. These optical fibers are not unsafe to use them near the high voltage devices and an area where the earths potential is different because they have High electrical resistance. The power necessities of the optical fibers are low as compared to the wires. The optical fibers are very light in weight, so they are easy to carry. The speed of the transmitting is very high 1.3.2 Disadvantages of optical fibers The initial cost and the preservation cost of the optical fiber is quite high as compared to the wires To connect two optical fibers we need connectors and splices which are costly and more difficult to operate than wires. Optical fibers dont have ability to transmit electrical power for the operation of terminal devices Extra care is to be taken while handling the optical fibers, as they are very sensitive to physical shocks. 1.4 Sources of light in Optical communication system There are two main sources of the light in Optical communication systems and they are namely [3] LED Light Emitting Diode LASER- Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation It totally depends upon the certain factors like application, cost, performance, stability, power and cost, to use which type of source for the system. LED is generally used when them system power requirements is low. As LED make system small in size, reduces its cost, reduces the complexity of the system and also stable with temperature. LASER is used where the power requirement of the signal is high because if we use LED in high power requirements then the cost of the system will go high. Also in LASER the transmission rate is high, can do long distance communication and more reliable. The table on the next page compares properties of LED and LASER [3]. S. No. Features LASER LED 1. Power 100 mW 40 mW (max) 2. Light source Coherent Incoherent 3. Temperature Dependence High Low 4. Interference Self-interference No self-interference 5. Lifetime Long but lees than LED Long 6. Modulation speed Can be 1 GHz and faster 100 Hz 30 MHz (max) 7. Beam divergence Narrow Wide 8. Bandwidth req. Less than 1 nanometer 40 100 nanometers 9. Noise at receiver Low High 10. System cost Low for high power vice versa Low for low power high for high power 11. Reliability High Low 12 Accuracy High Low 13 Efficiency High Low 14. Use Long short distance communications Short-distance Communication 15. Signal damage Low High Table 1 According to this above table we can choose our source of light. In this technical report, we develop a basic Laser communication model which is used for long or short distance communications. Sometimes for the long n short Laser communication systems we use optical fibers and some times we do not use, totally depends upon the system [5]. Actions can be taken to increase the capability of the system i.e. to boost the data rate with low noise. This all is discussed in this report. Chapter 2: Review from the key paper The key paper I took for this topic is not actually a paper but a page on the internet called Light and Optics made by Simon Quellen Field [6]. It is equivalent to my key paper because the work done on this paper is very much similar to my project area. 2.1 Summary of the key paper 2.1.1 Project Objective The objective of this project is to make an optical communication system in which the source of light is a laser and which can transmit the signal from one point to another without using any cables wires etc. I am interested in this laser communication system because in this system the loss of data and the probability of erroneous are very low and It can also transmit the data at the great speed. This project only deals with the short distance communication [3]. 2.1.2 Project Description Fig. 1 Laser Communication System Figure 1 Laser communication system The system shown in the figure can send data at very high rate. The system illustrated above is set up to send voice data. The microphone input is fed to the transmitter, where the signal is modulated and then transmitted in free space with the help of a laser. The Laser output is according to the format of the result produced by the transmitter section i.e. varying intensities of light. On the receiver side, the signal is read by a photo transistor which converts the light signal to the electrical signal and then it is applied to a speaker. the basic principle is Amplitude modulation an in this case amplitude is intensity of light. This is the basic principle of the Laser communication system. 2.2 Experimental approach of the research [6]: Now we are going to discuss about the technique by which a laser communication system can be made. This method is the simplest method to make a laser communication system. Also this is the cheapest one. For the transmitter we will need A laser pen pointer. A battery holder which can contain equal number of batteries as the laser pointer is having. The size of the batteries may vary, but they should be of the same voltage as the laser batteries. Generally we have a battery holder which contains two batteries, but in this project we need at least three cells. So we can use one battery holder which holds two batteries n one battery holder which holds one battery, and a wire to connect them in series. A transformer as an audio output transformer having an 8 ohm coil and a 1000 ohm coil. A microphone and an amplifier or speaker. Some clip leads normally connecting wires with crocodile clips to connect every component. One clip lead must be the type with a long point, to get connected to the inner part of the laser pointer. The soldering procedure and simple wires can be used for this but the leads are fast, reliable and simple. At last we require a 2 lead bi-color light emitting diode (LED), to protect the damage done to the laser from high voltage spikes. For the receiver we will need: A small solar cell or a light sensitive diode i.e. photodiode having clips to attach simply or if clips are not possible then use soldering procedure. A microphone jack which fits into the audio amplifier or speaker by which we will get our audio output 2.2.1 Transmitter The clip lead is connected to the inner part of the laser where battery is touched. Now we have two clips to attach, to the laser and we do it in a normal way. Usually one of the clip is attached to the small spring which is in the lasers battery area and the second clip lead is usually attached to the case of the laser. Since there are various different types of laser pointers, we may have to do different type of settings with the placement of the clip lead for the proper working of the laser with the new external battery pack. There may arise some situations when we have to hold the lasers push button switch with help of a rubber band or any wire around it. The connection is tested before a transformer is attached to it. It done to make sure that the laser is working with the new battery pack or not. During the testing if the laser doesnt light, then the problem may be with the direction of the battery, the battery is reversed and tested again. This reversal of the battery will not damage the laser. As said before the transformer has two sides. One is 1000ohm and second is 8 ohm. The laser and battery is connected to the 1000ohm side. There are three wires which are coming out of the 1000ohm side of the transformer. We only use the outer two wires to connect the laser and the battery and the middle wire is not used in this circuit and is called a center tap wire. One end of the laser (clip lead used) is connected to the first wire of the 1000ohm side of transformer and the other end is connected to the batterys positive end. The negative end of the battery is connected to the second third wire of the 1000ohm side of transformer and the second one is left open. The bicolor light emitting diode (LED) is also connected to the two outer wires i.e. wire one and wire three of the transformer on the 1000ohm side. This part or LED is used as a protector of the laser which protects the laser from the high voltage spikes. As high voltages go to the LED and low voltages required for the laser go to laser. The laser is tested by attaching the battery. The laser must operate at this time. Now the connection to the 8 ohm side of transformer is made. The earphone jack is connected to that side of transformer. The schematic diagram of the transmitter looks like this: Figure 2 Transmitter for Laser communication system This is how it works. The work of the transformer here is to modulate the power which going to the laser. The signal which comes from the mike is added to and subtracted from the battery power accordingly to the situation, and the intensity of the laser is brightened or it is dimmed correspondingly with the amplitude of the voice in the signal. 2.2.2 Receiver The simplest part of laser communication system is its receiver. We just have to make the connection between the microphone jack and the solar cell. The two ends of the microphone jack are attached to the terminals of the solar cell. It hardly matters in which way the connection is made to it. The schematic of the receiver: Figure 3 Receiver for Laser communication system 2.2.3 Setup and testing We need to take care of two things at first. The mic should be off and laser should be on. Then we need to plug the jack of the transmitter into the opening of the mic. Now the solar cell is connected to the audio amplifier or speaker and the volume is increased till we are able to listen distortion and mocking noise when ever laser light falls on it. When we are able to listen that, then we decrease the volume till the noise is negligible. Now the next step is to aim the laser to fall on the solar cell. The laser is aimed to it and we can listen some noise in form of pop or click. Now if we move the laser beam over the solar cell from one end to another to it, then we will be able to listen these clicks till the laser falls on the solar panel and disappears when laser is not hitting the solar panel. If this all is happening, then everything is right till now [6]. Now the mic is switched on very watchfully and gradually the volume of mic is adjusted and something is said in the mic. The volume of mic is adjusted so that we can listen our voice coming out of the amplifier or speaker which is in the other corner of the room. If we are not able to listen our voice coming out of the amplifier, then we must check the laser, that the laser is hitting on the solar panel or not. If it is not hitting then we must adjust it to hit the panel, only then we can listen our voice. Now after doing all this adjustment, just increase the volume of amplifier or speaker instead of increasing the volume of mic, to listen your voice across the room. But precautions must be taken during the increase of the volume as if increased then a limit, will damage the laser. Now it is time to do some testing, just break the connection between the laser and the solar panel i.e. to put some obstruction in between, we will notice that the when the obstruction is inserted the amplifier does not produce any sound. Now move this obstruction back and forth or up and down such that connection is made and then broken at regular intervals, we will notice that our voice is chopped by the obstruction as it moves back and forth [6]. The basic principle behind the Laser communication system is Amplitude modulation. The amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated. In simple words, in this case the intensity of the light is varied along the time. Now what happens in transmitter is that when the sound is transferred through mic it travels through transformer which modulates the signal. Then the modulated signal is added and subtracted from the battery power. Then the signal produced goes to the laser and produces a laser beam of the varying intensities i.e. electric signal is converted to the light signal. This varying intensity beam hits the solar panel across the room, whose work is to convert this light signal to the electric signal and which goes to the audio amplifier to produce sound. Now it is interesting that how this speaker produces sound. This is very simple; speaker is just a paper cone which is attached to the coil of wire, which is in magnetic field due to a powerful permanent magnet. Now when electric current flows through the coil, it makes coil an electromagnet which moves away and towards the permanent magnet, which disturbs the air in paper cone, if it is moving away then it will compress the air at back and expand the air at front. These waves produced from compression and expansion is heard by our ears. This is how a Laser communication system is made [6]. On critically evaluating the key paper against the objectives which the author had set, the out come is that he is completely able to satisfy the aim of the project. By doing the procedures told in the project we can transmit signal from one end to another with the help of LASER. This project is cheap and very much informative too. Chapter 3: Evaluation and Outcomes If whole assessment of the data or information present in this research is done, then the conclusion is that researchers finding are justified. As by following the methodology or procedures of the researcher we are successfully transmitting data from one end to another with the help of the Laser by using cheap and simple components. In this experiment we can transmit data in form of voice from one end to another by the use of Laser wirelessly. The conclusions and the predictions made by the researcher are totally justified and also the methods used are completely working. This is an experimental procedure which tells that it is possible to transfer data from one point to another point with the help of the Laser. The outcome of the detailed research is positive. And following are the points which will tell us about the advantages of Laser communication systems [7]. 3.1 Enormous Bandwidths If we have used optical fibers in the system, then the data holding capability of the system is increased at a great rate. As this data holding capacity is directly proportional to the frequency of signal. 3.2 Low transmission loss As the signal is directly transmitted to the other end, and if no obstruction is in between the light, then the transmission loss is very low. 3.3 Invulnerable to noise The laser communication system using optical fibers are immune to noise and cross talks. And the systems which does not use the optical fibers are also immune to noise up to a limit, as there is very less transmission 3.4 High data rate The data rate in the Laser communication system is very high 3.5 Electrical Isolation Laser and optical fibers both are not affected by the electrical shocks. So both of them can operate near high voltage devices 3.6 Small size and weight The size and weight of both Laser and optical fibers is very small. So they are easy to handle. They occupy very less space as compared to the electrical equipments. Due to these rewards it makes it possible to use in aircrafts and satellites more successfully. 3.7 Signal security This point has two different point of views, if in system we are using optical fiber. Then our system is 100 percent secure as optical fibers do not radiate any power. Whereas if we are not using optical fibers then our information is not secured 3.8 Cheap and good availability Since Lasers and optical fibers both are available easily. And they are cheap also, which makes a efficient and cheap communication system. 3.9 Reliability There is less attenuation of the signal, so the integrity of the signal is saved. Therefore it makes the system more reliable. Some more advantages are [8] No difficulty in deployment High Data rate Bit error rate is very low Process can be fully duplex Protocol simplicity Fresnel zone is not important The Laser communication system using optical fiber is more preferred because using this method laser can be traveled to very far distances and also without any losses. The optical fibers can be connected using the connectors and splices. By using these, light can be made to move across the curvature of earth. Eventually we cant move light in circular path or cant be bent along the corners. But with the use of these connectors the light made to move like that without losses [10]. Chapter 4: Personal Recommendation for Further Investigation The recommendations for the further investigation will conclude some challenges faced by the Laser communication systems for the long distance. These challenges must be encountered to have a very good communication system [3, 4]. 4.1 Challenges in laser communication system Some of the major challenges are: Physical barriers This is one of the major challenges faced by Laser communication system. As whenever any obstructions comes in between the laser then the connection is broken immediately and we lose our data. Beam scattering During the long distance communications in Laser communication systems we face a problem called beam dispersion. That means after traveling a long distance the laser beam starts dispersing, which reduces the reliability of the systems. But if we use optical fibers then this dispersion can be ruled out. Fog, Snow, Rain and Smog or Pollution These are some of the elements which reduce the efficiency of the laser communication systems. They do not provide great deal of attenuation to the signal but still it hampers the signal. Circumstantial light and Shadowing The effectiveness of the system is also reduced when there is a background light source to the laser as the light from that source is also received by the receiver which create errors in the signal Atmospheric captivation Some part of the light signal is absorbed by the atmosphere. Due to which the signal is not completely attainted by the receiver. Scintillation All the laser communication systems are affected by the scintillation at the great deal in clear sunny days. But there are also some methods by which it can be controlled like tuned receivers, tuned filters, equally spaced transmitters and all. Pointing stability This is also an important factor in the Laser communication systems. To avoid this we may widen the beam divergence so that receiver still remains in contact. Security Security is the most important challenge to be faced by the Laser communication system. We have got the models for laser communication systems but the information is not secured. It can be theft by anyone easily. That is a different case if we are using optical fibers but in system in which we do not use these fibers are very much in secure and this is an important issue. 4.2 Challenges in optical fibers The optical fibers are very costly. Optical fibers are delicate and can be easily broken. Optical fibers are affected by the chemicals. There opaqueness is also a problem. To operate and work on the optical fiber we need a specialist and skilled person. All of the above points fall in the area of further investigation. Some of them are done and some are still there to be investigated. These areas are very important and we need to investigate in these areas because today the communication industry is a backbone of every industry without communication industry no industry can survive. 4.3 Business benefits On taking the business perspective of the improvements in these area will lead to the better communications at low cost, low loss of the signals, better performance, negligible time delay, better security, less complex systems, will increase the reliability of the communications, more and more application areas (such as medical, lighting and many more) Chapter 5: Personal Development Plan 5.1 Personal Description I am Gibbran Jamil. Currently I am pursuing my Masters of Science (MSc.) in Mobile and Satellite Communications from London Metropolitan University, London. I have done my Bachelors of Science in Computer Enigineering in Pakistan. From starting of my technical career I had a great interest in all this communication systems. I always was curious to know about communication systems, how they work, how they are made, how they transfer data, how link is made, how can two persons talk or share stuff on wires or how we can talk to each other without having any physical connection and all that. So I decided to go for my MSc. in Mobile and Satellite communications. I am doing this MSc. course because at present I am not that good in the technical stuff, so I want to improve my knowledge and grow technically and personally in this field. I want to work in the area, where I can improve the efficiency of the communication system. I either can work for a company or can work alone, but the basic idea is to reduce all the limitations in the communication system. There are many things in any communication system to be improved; like noise can be further reduced, received power from satellite can be increased, accuracy of the data can be increased, security of communication system can be increased, cost can be more reduced and many more things like that. Definitely first, I will go for one particular task and then move forward. I hope I am on the right path and I also hope after completing my Masters I will be having good technical and practical knowledge because right now I am concentrating on my all the modules and trying to grasp as many things as possible and my tutors are helping at a great deal in that. Still there is never an end for learning, i

Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay -- essays research papers

The first main event that I believe led to Anne Moody becoming an activist for Civil Rights was when she was younger, her cousin George Lee was babysitting and he burned down the house in a fit of rage and when Daddy gets home he blames it on Essie Mae (Anne Moody). This foreshadows all of life’s injustices that will be thrown her way. The next time was when she made friends with white neighbors and they decided to go to the movies, Anne couldn’t sit with her friends, she had to sit in the balcony with all of the other blacks. She did not understand why it was this way. Another event was when she was in high school, she changes her name to Anne Moody, and a white boy, whose name was Emmitt Till who was visiting from Chicago, whistled at a white girl, and then a group of white men murdered him. This bothered Ann, and she didn’t work or sleep for days. When Samuel O’Quinn, a black empowerment activist and NAACP member tried to organize a meeting, the Princi ple Willis, who is an Uncle Tom, tattled on him. Samuel was shot by a mob of white men. The first experience of a civil rights movement was when she was attending Natchez College in Mississippi. The lunch lady served food with maggots in it. The cook, Miss Harris, knew that the food was spoiled but didn’t care. Anne organized a protest and it was successful. This was a hint of what was yet to come from Anne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blacks in the south didn’t know what it was like to be equal to whites. They’ve been to... Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay -- essays research papers The first main event that I believe led to Anne Moody becoming an activist for Civil Rights was when she was younger, her cousin George Lee was babysitting and he burned down the house in a fit of rage and when Daddy gets home he blames it on Essie Mae (Anne Moody). This foreshadows all of life’s injustices that will be thrown her way. The next time was when she made friends with white neighbors and they decided to go to the movies, Anne couldn’t sit with her friends, she had to sit in the balcony with all of the other blacks. She did not understand why it was this way. Another event was when she was in high school, she changes her name to Anne Moody, and a white boy, whose name was Emmitt Till who was visiting from Chicago, whistled at a white girl, and then a group of white men murdered him. This bothered Ann, and she didn’t work or sleep for days. When Samuel O’Quinn, a black empowerment activist and NAACP member tried to organize a meeting, the Princi ple Willis, who is an Uncle Tom, tattled on him. Samuel was shot by a mob of white men. The first experience of a civil rights movement was when she was attending Natchez College in Mississippi. The lunch lady served food with maggots in it. The cook, Miss Harris, knew that the food was spoiled but didn’t care. Anne organized a protest and it was successful. This was a hint of what was yet to come from Anne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blacks in the south didn’t know what it was like to be equal to whites. They’ve been to...

The Beard Makes the Man :: Ancient Greece Greek Essays

The Beard Makes the Man For the ancient Athenians, the beard was a common sign of manhood. The coming of a beard signaled a male’s transition from boyhood into manhood. Men who lost their beards did not suffer loss of political rights or loss of privileges, but they were mocked and shamed. The beard, not height or body shape, interestingly, was considered the initial marker of manhood in the plays of Aristophanes. A beard is an easily recognizable and observable, and the lack or presence of a beard is easily changed for the stage by covering the actor’s beard with a mask or giving him a fake beard. The beard was clearly a particularly meaningful secondary characteristic for the Greeks. For the ancient Greeks, the beard was incredibly closely tied to the idea of manhood. In some cases, the word for beard could even be interchanged with the word for man. Men grow hair on their faces, women do not, but a man’s facial hair is easily removed by shaving. For this culture, the removal of the beard was a removal of a crucial element of manhood. Without a beard, a man was woman-like, despite any other characteristics that might distinguish him as a man. To become like a woman, a man merely had to remove his beard, but to become like a man, a woman had to disguise herself in many more ways. The beard, as a cultural way to distinguish men, is based on the biological phenomenon that males begin to grow hair on their faces during puberty. Despite seemingly being an easy way to separate men from women and children, the presence of a beard is not an all or none situation. A pubescent male will not go to bed bare-cheeked and wake up the next morning with a full beard. Puberty is a gradual process occurring over many years, and some men may never grow a completely full beard, even in maturity. As today, some women of ancient Athens must have themselves been quite hairy around the hair line, jaw, and upper lip. The beard is not as clear a man/boy or man/woman differentiation as it may initially seem. The beard is not a completely clear physical or biological trait, but it was clearly a significant characteristic for the ancient Athenians. In Aristophanes’s play Women at the Thesmophoria, the kinsman of Euripides tries to pass for a woman by shaving his beard and singeing his pubic hair.

Information Systems in Global Business Today Essay

How IT drives the UPS operation worldwide. Using smart people and smart technology, UPS delivers over 14 million packages daily to 200 countries and territories, requiring the talents of 70,000 drivers who are wirelessly connected to UPS main databases located in seventeen major data centers throughout through out the world. Case United Parcel Service’s global operations are driven by its information systems technology. What UPS can do is largely a function of its information technology investments. Beginning as a local delivery service in 1907, UPS expanded on the West coast initially, reached New York in the 1930s, and went international in the 1970s. Today, UPS delivers over 14 million packages daily to 200 countries and territories, requiring the talents of 70,000 drivers who are wireless connected to UPS main databases located in seventeen major data centers throughout through out the world. A multi-year, multibillion dollar investment in technology drove the growth of UPS over the last twenty five years beginning in 1990. This investment enabled the development of the DIAD, the Delivery Information Acquisition Device. DIAD is a key element in UPSs business technology platform. Company spokesmen say that â€Å"UPS revolutionized the package delivery business in 1991 when it developed and deployed the first Delivery Information Acquisition Device, known as the DIAD. More than twenty years later, UPS continues its pioneering development efforts with the fourth generation of the DIAD – the DIAD IV. To ensure maximum flexibility in field transmission capabilities, DIAD IV includes multiple wireless connectivity options. Each DIAD IV features a built-in GPRS and CDMA radio, an acoustical modem to facilitate dial-up access if necessary, and 802. 11b wireless local area network connectivity to enable transmission in a UPS center. The DIAD IV also features a Bluetooth wireless personal area network and an infrared (IrDA) port to communicate with peripheral devices and customer PCs/printers. DIAD IV introduces a revolutionary new feature – Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) – to the handheld terminal market. UPS plans to use this technology to provide drivers with more detailed directions to pick-up and delivery points in order to improve customer service. The monochrome screen on previous DIADS will be replaced with a color screen that accommodates more information which can be displayed in an easier-to-read, more attractive manner. The color screen also enables UPS to color-code messages transmitted to a driver’s DIAD. Urgent customer pickup messages, for example, can be color-coded to alert the driver. In addition, the DIAD IV contains 128 megabytes of memory – 20 times the capacity of the DIAD III. UPS will use this expanded capacity to provide new and improved customer services. Like its predecessors, the DIAD IV’s battery lasts an entire work day. The DIAD IV sends delivery information to the UPS data repository as soon as the delivery information is entered. Drivers simply scan the package bar code, collect the receiver’s signature electronically, type in the Copyright Notice This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from this site should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. last name of the receiver and push a single key to complete the transaction and send the data. There is no need to activate a cell phone or return to the vehicle. Part of what makes the DIAD such a powerful tool is the system – ODS (On-Demand Services) – that enables communication with the driver. Every UPS driver automatically logs into the ODS system first thing in the morning. This allows dispatchers and center management to access the driver via his/her DIAD throughout the day by sending generalized text messages. Virtually all drivers start their day with a list of predefined customer pickup locations for that day. Thanks to ODS, the addition of a one-time pickup can be added to a driver’s work list on-the-fly, enabling UPS to take best advantage of the geographic location of its entire fleet for servicing pickup requests. By using the DIAD, UPS eliminates the use of 59 million sheets of paper per year. The DIAD IV is the most comprehensive tracking device in the delivery industry, combining data collection and transmission technologies, digital signature capture, extensive expandable memory and rugged construction to withstand extreme temperatures and hard falls. † Other Features The UPS technology infrastructure enables UPS to offer its customers many services, such as package tracking, freight planning, and freight truck packing optimization, in addition to the basic shipment of packages.

Review of Literature Essay

Dear client, please fill in the dates in the submissions and the blanks. thank you. Key milestones have already been established for this project, as recommended by the KBS’s PLS FILL UP PROGRAMME NAME. : Interim Project Submission 12 July 2006 Draft Project Submission 1 September 2006 Final Project Submission 30 September 2006 Through these dates, a draft of the programme has been formulated in addition to the enumeration of the additional milestones. At this point the framework is an estimation of the dates of deliverables of the objects in the milestones as these depend on the coordination and the cooperation of the identified proponents of this proposed research. At this point the research aims to get the appropriate permissions and letters needed that requests for the formalisation of the participation, especially as this requires working with bars and clubs. DEAR CLIENT, PLEASE FILL UP THE APPROPRIATE DATES FOR YOUR RESEARCH PROGRAMME IN THIS TABLE, THANK YOU. Activity No of Days Start Date Finish Date. Project Proposal Submission 0 Thu 04/05/06 Thu 04/05/06 Literature Review 90 Mon 01/05/06 Fri 01/09/06 Refine Methodology 31 Thu 04/05/06 Thu 15/06/06 Meet with potential project sponsor(s) 3 Thu 01/06/06 Mon 05/06/06 First Draft of Questionnaire 10 Thu 01/06/06 Wed 14/06/06 Identify Questionnaire Addressees 10 Thu 01/06/06 Wed 14/06/06 Identify and contact potential interviewees 10 Thu 01/06/06 Wed 14/06/06 Meet with Supervisor 0 Mon 19/06/06 Mon 19/06/06 Final Questionnaire 5 Tue 20/06/06 Mon 26/06/06 Pre-test questionnaire 3 Tue 27/06/06 Thu 29/06/06 Contact Interviewees 10 Tue 20/06/06 Mon 03/07/06. Send out questionnaire 1 Fri 30/06/06 Fri 30/06/06 Interim Project Submission 0 Wed 12/07/06 Wed 12/07/06 Follow-up to questionnaire 5 Wed 12/07/06 Tue 18/07/06 Interviews 10 Mon 17/07/06 Fri 28/07/06 Meet with Supervisor 0 Mon 31/07/06 Mon 31/07/06 Analysis of Primary Research 20 Mon 31/07/06 Fri 25/08/06 Telephone follow-up/interview as required 25 Mon 07/08/06 Fri 08/09/06 Meet with Supervisor 0 Wed 23/08/06 Wed 23/08/06 Draft Project Submission 0 Fri 01/09/06 Fri 01/09/06 Meet with Supervisor 0 Mon 11/09/06 Mon 11/09/06 Refine and amend Submission 19 Mon 04/09/06 Thu 28/09/06. Final Project Submission 0 Fri 29/09/06 Fri 29/09/06 Contingency As previously mentioned, one of the challenges of this paper is the lack of accessible scholarly and academic studies concerning events management in the bar and club businesses. In this regard, this research aims to utilise of the available literature and studies from similar sources such as case studies on certain events and similar operations such as restaurants. This study therefore relies on direct primary data which will be gathered depending on the degree of participation of identified club and bar owners. A contingency is that this paper goes on ahead with the research activity and source information from secondary sources as the foundations of this study; there will be therefore a heavier approach to analysis and the research framework is most likely modified should problems in resources come up. Cited Works and Bibliography Bowdin, Glenn, Harris, Johnny, O’Toole, William, Harris, Rob, McDonnel, Ian. Events Management, 2nd Ed. London: Elsevier, 2006. Brown, Douglas Robert & Miron, Amanda. The Professional Bar & Beverage Managers Handbook: How to Open and Operate a Financially Successful Bar, Tavern and Night Club. Florida: Atlantic Publishing Company, 2005. Chatterton, Paul & Hollands, Robert. Urban Nightscapes: Youth Cultures, Pleasure Spaces and Corporate Power. New York: Routledge, 2003. Craven, Robin. The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Meeting & Event Planning, 2nd Edition. Exton, PA: Alpha, 2006. Culp, Christopher. The Risk Management Process: Business Strategy and Tactics. New York: Wiley, 2001. Dommermuth W. P. Promotion: Analysis, creativity, and strategy, 2nd ed. Boston: PWS- Kent, 1989. Goldblatt, J. Special Events: Best Practices in Modern Event Management, new York: van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997. Henderson, Karla. â€Å"Marketing Recreation and Physical Activity Programs for Females†. JOPERD–The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 66(1995): 53+. Hormozi, Amir & Dube, Leon. â€Å"Establishing Project Control: Schedule, Cost, and Quality†. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 64(1999): 32+. Jones, K. S. Night club promotions manual & source list: How to create exciting, profitable event calendars for your bar. Hughes Company, 1993. Mack, Rhonda W. â€Å"Event Sponsorship: An Exploratory Study of Small Business Objectives, Practices, and Perceptions†. Journal of Small Business Management, 37(1999): 25+. Michman, Ronald. Lifestyle Market Segmentation. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. Roche, Maurice. Mega-Events and Modernity: Olympics and Expos in the Growth of Global Culture. New York: Routledge. Soares, Eric. Promotional Feats: The Role of Planned Events in the Marketing Communications Mix. New York: Quorum Books, 1991. Shore, Anton & Parry, Brynn. Successful Event Management. London: Thomson, 2004. Silvers, Julia. Event Management Body of Knowledge. 2009. Julia Rutherford Silvers. 16 June 2009. http://www. juliasilvers. com/embok. htm. Professional Event Coordination (The Wiley Event Management Series). New Jersey: Wiley, 2003. Smith, Robert. An Entrepreneur’s Guide to Running a Profitable Club Operation. Fairfax, Vermont: Upland Publications, 2001. Webster, Francis & Knutson, Joanne. â€Å"What is Project Management? Project Management Concepts and Methodologies†. The AMA Handbook of Project Management, P. Dinsmore & J. Cabanis-Brewin, Eds. New York: AMACOM, 2006. Westerbeek, Hans, Smith, Aaron, Turner, Paul, Emery, Paul, Green, Christine, van Leeuwen, Linda. Managing Sport Facilities and Major Events. Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 2005.

My Mom Essay

Many people have a specific person who inspires them, but many people still walk from day to day wondering who there’s is, I know mine is my mother. Anybody can be the person who will inspire you, from a friend, to even a pet dog. A person who inspires you is a person who cares about you and what choice that you make. An adult who inspired me is my mother, she believes in me, cares about me, and always helps me. My mother believes in me, in everything I do, and is always positive about it. Every decision, task, and every level that I concur, my mom is always there, believing in me that I will succeed. Graduating 5th grade and moving up to 6th grade was a big step, just like graduating 8th grade and moving up to 9th grade was. But my mother believed that I would still do well in school and would enjoy it alot. Moving up a grade was always a bit scary, but my mother always had my back, and told me to just do my best, and have fun. With my mothers support I enjoy high school a lo t more than I thought I would. My mother believing in me helped motivate me, and show that I can do everything that I put my mind to. But my mother believing in me isn’t the only way that she inspired me, but that my mom also cared about me. My mother never let a day go by without asking me how my day was or telling me how much she loved me. She always wanted to make sure I’m having fun, and enjoying life, with no distractions. All kids have heard different sayings that their mom says like, call me when you get there which for many kids they hate to hear it. But my mom says them because she cares what happens to me and she wants me to be always safe and doing the right thing. Whenever things get tough I can always come to my mom and get her opinion. Many kids aren’t very close with their mom but I know I can share anything with my mom and that she will support me always. Not only is my mom very caring, and kind but she is also very helpful. A person who believes in me, cares about me, and helps me always would have to be my mother. Through the thick and thin she always has had my back in everything, and trusts me. Like lots of other mothers, she makes sure that I am enjoying life, and that everyday I feel inspired, to do something great. My mother truly believes in me, cares about me, and is always willing to help me with everything. Hopefully you have an adult that inspired you like my mom inspires me.

Bas Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet Essay

Baz Luhrmann’s main aim from his Romeo and Juliet film was to create a film which would trickle the minds of youngsters, or what is also known as the MTV generation, who don’t enjoy watching Shakespeare’s plays. His main aim was getting the MTV generation to watch and ‘enjoy’ Shakespeare’s Romeo & Juliet without dieing of boredom. He did this by looking at the movies MTV generation watches today, which mainly includes technology, action, guns etc to get youngsters interested. What he concluded in the film which attracted youngsters was that he replaced the original assets used in the original play into modern equipment, for example, swords were changed to guns, old fashion clothes into today’s clothes etc but one thing which he kept in the original form is the dialogue, the script. He also had other aims which were to make a film so that youngsters world wide would want to watch it. The film was a success in the world as it made à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½98m worldwide, in America alone it made 46m so the film was a hit all over the world.  The prologue in the beginning of the film was set out to make us, the audience, understand what she is saying clearly. This was done by showing a news presenter on TV quite far away, she was wearing modern clothes but basically she was a normal news presenter to us. All she done did was read the prologue from the play. This simplifies the language used by Shakespeare as we think the words, which the news presenter is saying is in modern language but because it is set out in a modern way, we automatically presume it is in modern language and understand what she is saying. The layout of this is, a female TV presenter reading the prologue from the TV which is in a distance, but the camera slowly zooms into the TV so that at the end all we see is the news presenter reading the prologue with a picture over her left shoulder showing a broken ring and the title underneath which is ‘star crossed lovers’ all in modern day settings. The prologue also tells as that this is a story about two families who hate each other and who compete with each other to show who’s greater. The prologue, voice over, images, words, is used to guide audiences who didn’t completely understand the news presenter as it had images describing what she said, words written after it was said by the voice and images shown to describe what she meant. This simplified the whole prologue, you could almost say Baz Luhrmann was holding our hand and taking us through the prologue slowly again and again until we understood it. The images in the prologue were taken from the streets of America, they were mainly violence which is what consists in our society today. IT had fast camera action, for example, it zoomed in and from the Jesus statue, it had fast camera movements from the helicopter, from the streets, police pursues etc after each word or sentence was read out from the prologue, and if this wasn’t enough, Luhrmann put the words on the screen scrolling through or just appearing to show that audience what was said. IT had modern music in the background which includes hip hop, rock music etc to attract youngsters to watch the film without getting bored. Baz Luhrmann chose to begin like this because it was the most suitable way to keep the audience, especially the youngsters, to say ‘what happens next?’ and want to carry on watching the film without getting bored. Luhrmann’s main idea was to get the begging fast and furious to hold on to the audience and want them to understand Shakespeare’s script with them imitating what the words meant in movements, body language, how they said it etc. He used this because is most other films, the beginnings were started off with action to hold on to its audience without boring them and making want more. The gas station was the most important scene in the beginning of the film. This is because they used 170 different shots just to make up the first five minutes, this is because there was a lot of action, slow motion, fast movements, cameras zooming in and out, fast editing of certain scenes etc. IT started off with the Montague’s coming in the scene with their car in to one part of the gas station and the Capulet’s entering the scene on the other part of the gas station. The introduction of each character is set out by showing the characters and pausing them with their names on them. They introduce each side to us by zooming onto the bottom of their guns when they threaten each other, under each sides guns, their names are written which is the Capulet’s and the Montague’s. The fight starts off when the Montague’s see the Capulet’s, the Capulet’s scare the Montague’s and the Montague’s insult the Capulet’s by biting their thumb at the them. At this moment the head of the Montague’s come out and start the fight, straight away a shoot out starts and they shoot at each other. When they shoot at each other the camera uses slow motion, fast editing etc to show the audience action to get their focus on the film. The camera basically introduces the characters slowly and then uses fast editing thereafter. The music used in the film varies a lot as there was a mixture of music used, this ranged from, rock to spaghetti western. This were used in specific parts of the film. The beginning started off with classical when the dialogue was read out by a deep male voice, the part when the Montague’s are in their car is rock and hip hop, and the part where the Capulet’s are introduced is spaghetti western. There were also other sound effects used in the film when one of the Capulet’s had ‘SIN’ written on a metal plate above his tooth which was an animals voice which frightened the Montague’s. There’s also other sounds for instance ‘whoosh’ when bullets fly past their heads, music played when the characters are in slow motion etc This is all used to attract the audiences attention and to get them pumped up, the music is basically ion your face. Tybalt’s shoes makes a particular noise when he walks, this is ‘ching’, this noise particularly gets to the audience when he puts out a match in the gas station by rubbing the metal part on the match to the floor, this sends a shiver through the spines of some people which is used to get the full attention of some people or it makes them look at it in great detail. The representations of each gang is set out differently. Montague’s is introduced first and are shown as trouble makers, this is done by them being dressed up in normal casual wear, for instance, baggy colourful clothing, more open etc. The music used to show them is more of a rock type of song but it also features them listening to hip hop when one part of the music goes ‘the boys! the boys!’. They are shown to be the cool boys of the town who have a great car and ride around listening to loud music. They shout when they talk, this is to attract the audiences attention once again. They also chase off the sisters in the gas station by one of the members licking his nipple in front of them who he then confronts the Capulet’s. The Capulet’s are shown to be more serious with their gang but the representation of the Montague’s are shown as they are the hipsters of the area who are out for a laugh and a good time. This represents the Montague’s innocent in the shoot out and the Capulet’s of the more powerful side having a laugh with them with their powerful ook.